DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED SECURITY SOLAR STREET LIGHT AT EEET DEPARTMENT

ABSTRACT This study focused on the design and development of a microcontroller-based solar street light system integrated with a motion-activated security mechanism. The project aimed to provide an energy-efficient, autonomous, and sustainable lighting solution suitable for both rural and urban environments with unreliable grid access. The system incorporated photovoltaic modules, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller, lithium-ion battery storage, and an intelligent control unit programmed on an Atmega microcontroller. Light-dependent resistors (LDR) and passive infrared (PIR) sensors were utilized for adaptive lighting control and motion detection, while a GSM module was deployed for real-time alert transmission. The system’s electrical and mechanical components were fabricated, tested, and evaluated under controlled outdoor conditions. Experimental results showed that the system achieved an overall energy efficiency of 88–90%, a battery runtime of 10.9 hours, and a solar charging duration of 3.8 hours under optimal sunlight. Furthermore, the security response system activated within 1.8 seconds of motion detection, confirming reliable and rapid operation. The system proved to be cost-effective, with an estimated total cost of ₦365,000, and demonstrated high performance compared to conventional solar street lights. In conclusion, the study validated that integrating renewable energy technology with microcontroller-based automation enhances lighting efficiency and community safety. It was recommended that future models incorporate IoT-enabled monitoring, high-sensitivity sensors, and broader field testing to optimize functionality and improve durability across diverse climatic conditions.