EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SAPONIFICATION PROCESS IN SOAP MAKING

This research investigates the Effect of Temperature on the Saponification Process in Soap Making, using Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) and two alkaline agents Caustic Soda (NaOH) and Soda Ash (Na₂CO₃). Soap samples were produced at three controlled temperatures (20°C, 32°C, and 70°C) and evaluated based on key quality parameters including pH, texture, lather rating, and foam ability. The study aimed to determine how temperature influences reaction kinetics, product characteristics, and the overall efficiency of saponification. Results showed that temperature had a significant impact on the physical and chemical properties of the final soaps. Caustic soda soaps exhibited increasing hardness with rising temperature, while soda ash soaps were generally softer but produced more lather at higher temperatures. The pH of caustic soda soaps ranged from 7 to 9, while that of soda ash soaps ranged from 9 to 10, indicating proper alkalinity for effective saponification. Moderate temperature (32°C) produced the most stable foam for both types of soaps, suggesting optimal reaction conditions, whereas high temperature (70°C) enhanced lather formation but reduced foam stability. Low temperature (20°C) often resulted in less uniform textures and weaker foam due to incomplete reaction. Overall, the findings demonstrate that temperature control is crucial for achieving high-quality soap with desirable characteristics. The study concludes that temperatures around 32°C offer the best balance in terms of soap hardness, pH, lathering, and foam stability. Recommendations for soap makers include maintaining moderate reaction temperatures, monitoring pH levels, and selecting appropriate alkaline agents based on desired product properties. This work contributes to a better understanding of saponification conditions relevant to both local and industrial soap production.