THE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBIOTICS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF BACTERIAL ISOLATED IN URINE SAMPLE FROM STUDENT OF NIGER STATE POLYTECHNIC, ZUNGERU MAIN CAMPUS

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are serious health problems affecting millions of people each year. They are the second most common type of infections in the body (Stamm et al., (2023). This problem occurs more often in women than men because a woman's urethra is shorter. I he short urethra makes it easier for bacteria from the anus or genital area to reach the bladder Patient with catheter or patients suffering from complaints of prostatitis are also prone to UTI. Transmission occurs in four ways; namely through sexual intercourse, from mother to the fetus via placenta, through poor personal hygiene, and via communal sponge and towel usage (Onifade et al., 2020). The pathogenesis of UTIs involves complex interaction between an organism, the environment and the potential host (Assel et al., 2019). The symptoms of a person with urinary tract infections depend on the age and the location. Chronic and acute infection of urinary tract leads to high blood pressure, kidney damage and results in death. Chronic manifestations of the UTIs are acute and chronic pyelonephritis (a disease process resulting from the effect of infection of parenchyma and pelvis of the kidney), cystitis, renal carbuncle, urethritis and prostatitis (Assel et al., 2019). The most common symptoms are burning with urination and having to urinate frequently (or an urge to urinate) in the absence of vaginal discharge and significant pain. For patients who have frequent UTIs, their bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics over time, makıng careful selection of antibiotic and the full course of treatment essential(Kurutep et al., 2020). UTI has been the most common hospital acquired infections, accounting for as many as 35% of nosocomial infection. It is the second most common cause of bacteremia in hospitalized patients (Nacem, 2021). UTI is known to occur in all populations but has a particular impact on females of all ages and males at two extremes of life, immune compromised patients and anyone with function or structural abnormalities of the urinary and excretory system. UTI is known to be the microbial invasion of any of the tissues of the urinary tract reaching from the renal cortex to the urethrameatus (Nicolle, 2019). It is also known to be the presence in two Consecutive urine samples of greater than 100rods (105) organisms per ml of a single bacterial strain in the urinary tract. UTI can be categorized in ascending or descending. Infections which are confined to the urethral or the bladder are ascending and referred to as uretitis or cystitis respectively (Tenever and McGowa, 2019). On the other hand, the pathogens spread from one or other infected body site to the kidney down along the ureter to the bladder. Such descending UTI cause severe kidney infection, a condition called pyelonephritis.