EFFECT OF ETHANOL LESF EXTRACT OF CRASSULACEAC AN BISOPROLOL ON BCL-2, CASPASE-3, TOTAL BILIRUBIN AND CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN AND THE CYTOARCHITEXTURE IN DOXOROBUCIN INDUCE CARDIAC TOXICITY

The kidneys are vital paired organs that play a central role in maintaining the body’s internal milieu through the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, removal of metabolic waste products, and secretion of key hormones such as erythropoietin and renin. Renal physiology is crucial to overall homeostasis, and any functional impairment can result in severe systemic disturbances, including uremia, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance. To investigate the protective effect of vitamin B12 on renal function and histological architecture in nickel chloride-induced toxicity in Wistar rats.In this research, twenty-four (24) Wister rats weighing between 120-180 grams were obtained from the animal house of Physiology Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Cross River State, Okuku campus.The animals were allowed to acclimatize for one week in the Medical Physiology Department where the experiment was carried out. The animals were housed in well-ventilated cages, with beddings, feed and water, and was replaced every day, and kept under controlled environmental conditions (room temperature at about 27°c and 12 hours light-dark cycle). The animals were given feed and water. The animals Acclimatization period: 4 weeks and they were selected randomly in four (4) different groups with six (6) rats in each group. Accurately weigh the required amount of Vitamin B12 powder based on the derived concentration. Weigh 10g of vitamin B12. Dissolve in 200ml of sterile distilled water. Transfer the powder into sterile amber-colored vial or light-protective container (Vitamin B12 is light-sensitive). Add solvent gradually while stirring gently to ensure complete dissolution. Any remaining solution was stored in a sterile amber container at 4°c and protected from light. Nickel chloride toxicity was induced by administering (NiCl2+6H2O) at 36.68 mg/kg body weight, equivalent to 20 mg/kg anhydrous nickel chloride, through intraperitoneal injection once daily for 28 days. The dosing solution was freshly prepared in sterile distilled water at a working concentration of 18.34 mg/ml, corresponding to an injection volume of 2 ml/kg body weight. Animals were monitored daily for clinical signs of toxicity, including weight change, behavioral activity, food intake, and water consumption. At the end of the treatment period, animals were fasted overnight and euthanized under anesthesia using intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture using a sterile syringe into a plain sample tube. Blood was allowed to clot at room temperature, then centrifuged at 3000 RPM for 15 minutes. The separated serum was collected and stored at -20 °c until biochemical analysis was conducted. Graph Pad Prism was used to assess the differences between groups. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and p< 0.05 were considered significant. Post-hoc tests were carried out using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The result shows a significant (P