HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS: A CASE STUDY OF EKET/ONNA RIVER
Abstract
This study evaluates the human health risks associated with selected heavy metals in the surface
water of Eket/Onna River. Heavy metal pollution, often resulting from urbanization,
industrialization, agricultural activities, and resource exploitation, poses significant
environmental and health challenges. Water samples were collected from various points along the
river and analyzed for concentrations of key heavy metals, including Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb),
and Cadmium (Cd). The results indicate that while most heavy metals were within World Health
Organization (WHO) permissible limits, Chromium levels exceeded safe thresholds at specific
locations, particularly for vulnerable groups like children. Hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk
index (HRI) calculations revealed potential risks in some areas, emphasizing the need for
continuous monitoring and mitigation measures. This study underscores the critical importance
of safeguarding water resources to protect public health and the environment from the adverse
effects of heavy metal contamination
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