AN EVALUATION OF FOREIGN POLICY UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMADU BUHARI FROM 2015-2023

ABSTRACT This research project examines the complex history and evolution of terrorism in Nigeria, analyzing its root causes, key actors, and devastating impacts on national security. The study traces how terrorism has transformed from localized conflicts into a sophisticated, multi-faceted security crisis affecting all regions of the country. The project begins by exploring the origins of modern terrorism in Nigeria, with particular focus on the emergence of Boko Haram in 2009. What began as a radical religious movement evolved into one of Africa’s deadliest terrorist organizations, responsible for over 35,000 deaths and widespread displacement. The study analyzes Boko Haram’s transformation into ISWAP (Islamic State West Africa Province) and how this splinter group adopted more strategic military tactics while maintaining global jihadist connections. Beyond Islamic extremism in the northeast, the research examines other violent groups including Niger Delta militants (MEND and Niger Delta Avengers) who attack oil infrastructure to protest economic marginalization, and northwestern bandit groups whose kidnapping campaigns have terrorized rural communities. The project identifies common enabling factors across these conflicts: poverty, weak governance, porous borders, and competition over resources. The study entails historical analysis with examination of contemporary security challenges. It evaluates Nigeria’s counterterrorism responses, including military operations, legal reforms, and international partnerships. The findings reveal both successes and limitations in current approaches, highlighting the need for more comprehensive solutions that address both security threats and underlying socio-economic grievances. It makes significant contributions to understanding Nigeria’s security landscape by providing a holistic analysis of terrorist groups, their evolution, and their impacts. The research underscores how terrorism has fundamentally altered Nigeria’s domestic stability and foreign policy priorities since 2009. The conclusions offer insights for policymakers seeking to develop more effective strategies against violent extremism in Nigeria and similar contexts across Africa.