DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT This project presents the design, construction, and performance evaluation of an automatic solar tracking system aimed at improving the energy efficiency of photovoltaic panels. Traditional fixed solar panels are limited by their inability to follow the sun’s movement, resulting in suboptimal energy capture throughout the day. To address this limitation, an automatic single-axis tracking system was developed using locally sourced materials, including a repurposed window motor as the driving mechanism. The system utilizes light-dependent resistors (LDRs) and a microcontroller to detect the sun’s position and adjust the panel accordingly in real-time. Performance tests were conducted to compare the energy output of the tracking system with a fixed solar panel under identical environmental conditions. The results showed that the tracking system generated an average of 1256.2 Wh/day, compared to 1078.6 Wh/day for the fixed system, representing an 16.47% increase in energy output. The system exhibited a tracking accuracy with an average deviation of 2.1 degrees and consumed 5.94 Wh/day, which is only 0.47% of the energy it helped to generate. A cost-benefit analysis based on the current electricity tariff of ₦209.50/kWh revealed daily savings of ₦37.21, annual savings of ₦13,581.65, and a payback period of approximately 17.7 years. The results demonstrate that an automatic solar tracking system can significantly enhance solar energy capture with minimal additional energy consumption. Although the payback period of 17.67 years is moderate, it remains within acceptable limits for small-scale solar installations. The system is particularly valuable in off-grid or energy-scarce environments, where maximizing solar efficiency is crucial. This project highlights the potential of low-cost, locally built tracking solutions in supporting sustainable energy development, especially in regions lacking access to reliable electricity.