PRODUCTION AND CHARATERIZATION OF BIODIESL FROM CASTOR OIL

The increasing global demand for energy, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and the environmental impacts of petroleum-based fuels have accelerated the search for renewable and sustainable alternatives. Biodiesel has emerged as a viable substitute, particularly when derived from non-edible and environmentally friendly sources. This study focuses on the production and characterization of biodiesel from castor oil (Ricinus communis), a high-yielding, non-edible feedstock rich in ricinoleic acid. A two-step transesterification process—acid esterification followed by base-catalyzed transesterification was employed to overcome the high free fatty acid (FFA) content of castor oil. The resulting biodiesel was subjected to extensive physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. The castor oil biodiesel exhibited a viscosity of 4.71 mm²/s, acid value of 0.42 mg KOH/g, cetane number of 48.75, and flash point of 192°C, all conforming to ASTM D6751 standards. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups characteristic of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), indicating successful transesterification. Although the biodiesel showed limitations in cold flow properties, these can be addressed by blending or using additives. The high lubricity, flash point, and oxidative stability make castor biodiesel particularly suitable for use in tropical and temperate climates. This study not only affirms castor oil’s potential as a biodiesel feedstock but also contributes valuable insights into optimizing biodiesel production and performance, supporting global efforts toward cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.