UNRAVELING THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND OF FEMALE WISTER RATS FOLLOWING CHRONIC, ORAL MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE EXPOSURE

ABSTRACT Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive that has raised concerns regarding its potential neuroendocrine toxicity. While previous research has focused on its effects on the brain and reproductive organs, little attention has been given to its impact on the anterior pituitary gland an essential endocrine organ regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the histological effects of high-dose MSG exposure on the anterior pituitary gland in female Wistar rats. Methods: Fifteen adult female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 5). Group A received distilled water (control), Group B received 300 mg/kg MSG, and Group C received 1000 mg/kg MSG. Treatment was administered orally for 60 days. Body and brain weights were measured, and anterior pituitary tissues were harvested and processed for histological evaluation using Hematoxylin & Eosin and Cresyl Fast Violet staining. Results: MSG exposure led to a significant, dose-dependent increase in both body and brain weights, with the 1000 mg/kg group showing the highest values (p < 0.05). Histological analysis revealed normal pituitary architecture in the control group. In contrast, MSG-treated groups exhibited signs of chromatolysis, vacuolation, neuronal disorganization, and degeneration of acidophils and basophils, especially at higher doses. These changes indicate structural and functional impairment of the anterior pituitary. Conclusion: Chronic oral exposure to high doses of MSG results in notable histological damage to the anterior pituitary gland and alters physiological parameters such as body and brain weight. These findings suggest MSG's potential to disrupt endocrine function and support the need for caution regarding its excessive dietary intake.