THE PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) SEED ENDOCARP FOR SUSTAINABLE PAPER PRODUCTION

ABSTRACT The study examined the manufacturing and characterization of paper made from the endocarp of Mangifera indica (mango) seeds as a novel lignocellulosic material to enhance the sustainability of the papermaking process. To produce paper sheets from extracted fibres, the study employed alkaline pulping using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a controlled laboratory process for sheet formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to perform structural and compositional analysis. Absorbance bands in the FTIR spectra of hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O) and ether (C-O-C) were observed, which proves the existence of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The XRD method showed a crystallinity index of 42.7%, indicating a semi-crystalline cellulose structure, which is suitable for retaining strength. The sheets developed in the laboratories exhibited a tensile strength of 29.4 N/m, a grammage of 85 g/m², a thickness of 0.18 mm, and moderate water absorbency, similar to that of conventional wood-based paper. These findings make the mango seed endocarp a viable, renewable and environmentally effective raw material in making paper. The results present a sustainable science of materials, including the valorization of agro-waste, resource recycling, and the production of low-impact goods. The analysis is also aligned with the international sustainability goals, particularly SDGs 9, 12, and 13, as it promotes green innovation in the pulp and paper sector and provides direction towards reduced deforestation and improved waste utilization.