BIVAS AND ELECTION DISPUTES: ANALYZING TRIBUNAL CASES IN THE 2023 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.

This study examines the role of the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BIVAS) in election disputes, focusing on tribunal cases from the 2023 Nigerian presidential election. BIVAS was introduced to improve electoral credibility by reducing impersonation and multiple voting, yet the 2023 polls saw a rise in tribunal cases, raising concerns about its effectiveness. The study evaluates whether BIVAS has achieved its intended purpose and its implications for electoral reforms. Using a descriptive research design and case study approach, data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions, tribunal reports, and INEC documents. The study is grounded in Rational Choice Theory, which explains strategic behavior by electoral actors, and Technological Determinism Theory, which explores how technology shapes but is also limited by socio-political contexts. Findings show BIVAS improved voter authentication (60%) and reduced fraud (55%), but operational issues such as technical failures (30%) and accreditation delays (25%) hindered its success. Electronic transmission failures accounted for 50% of tribunal disputes. While 45% of respondents saw improved transparency, 40% believed it created new conflicts. The study recommends upgrading BIVAS infrastructure, better training for officials, legislative reforms, and public awareness to enhance future electoral integrity.