MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF VOLTAGE GENERATION, CELL DISPLACEMENT, AND ACCELERATION USING THE PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SICKLE CELLS
Abstract
This study mathematically investigates voltage generation, cell displacement, and acceleration using the piezoelectric properties of sickle cells from the objective of formulating a model, deriving its analytical solution, and performing simulations under varying physiological parameters. A state-space model incorporating the mechanical and electrical responses of sickled cells, including piezoelectric-like behavior, was developed and analyzed. The results showed that particle displacement and acceleration increased with Reynolds number and applied force, while higher stiffness reduced displacement but enhanced acceleration and voltage output. Voltage generation consistently rose with turbulence, stiffness, and force, confirming strong electromechanical coupling in packed sickled cells. Sensor variation was observed to influence signal stability rather than amplitude. These findings establish that sickled cells can generate measurable voltages, providing a foundation for low-cost, non-invasive diagnostic tools and bio-inspired biomedical energy systems for sickle cell disease management.
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