MODIFICATION OF AN ACTIVE OPEN-LOOP SOLAR WATER HEATER
Abstract
This project presents the design, modification, and performance evaluation of an active open-loop solar water heater integrated with a dual-axis solar tracking system. The system was developed to address Nigeria’s energy challenges by providing a sustainable, low-cost, and efficient alternative for domestic and small-scale water heating. The design incorporates a zig-zag copper tubing collector, insulated storage tank, and Arduino-controlled tracking mechanism with light-dependent resistors, DC motors, and actuators to optimize solar absorption throughout the day. Experimental testing demonstrated that the system consistently achieved thermal efficiencies between 60–63%, heating 20 liters of water from 25°C to approximately 70°C under typical Nigerian climatic conditions. The results confirm that dual-axis tracking improves energy capture by 25–30% compared to fixed collectors, providing reliable hot water and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. This study contributes a scalable, cost-effective solution for renewable energy utilization in regions with high solar irradiance, with implications for residential, institutional, and off-grid application
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