ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM BLENDED BREAD WITHIN GADAU TOWN, ITAS GADAU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca aqueous leaf extract against fungi isolated from spoiled blended bread in Gadau Town, Nigeria, and its potential to extend bread shelf life. Fungal isolates (Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Wallemia sebi) were obtained from blended bread and identified morphologically. Aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca leaves was prepared and phytochemically screened. Antifungal activity was assessed via disc diffusion and broth dilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The extract's efficacy was tested on bread stored at ambient temperature, and days to visible spoilage were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Phytochemical analysis revealed high concentrations of saponins and alkaloids. The extract showed significant, dose-dependent antifungal activity. R. stolonifer was most susceptible (MIC = 75 mg/mL; ZOI = 23.0 mm at 100 mg/mL). Bread treated with 100 mg/mL extract had a shelf life of 7 days, a 5-day extension compared to the untreated control (2 days). Statistical analysis confirmed these results were highly significant (p < 0.001). Balanites aegyptiaca aqueous extract is a potent natural antifungal agent against bread spoilage fungi. It is recommended for use as a natural preservative to enhance food safety and reduce economic losses. Further studies on its toxicity, sensory properties, and isolation of active compounds are highly recommended.