CORRUPTION IN THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR: A REVIEW OF THE LEGAL FRAME WORK

ABSTRACT Corruption continues to undermine governance, economic growth, and public trust in Nigeria, despite the presence of a comprehensive legal framework designed to address it. This study critically examines the effectiveness of Nigeria's anti-corruption laws, including the Penal Code, Criminal Code, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) Act, Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) Act, Fiscal Responsibility Act, Public Procurement Act, Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) Act, Money Laundering Act, and the Whistle Blowing Policy. Through doctrinal analysis and statutory review, the research identifies both the strengths and persistent weaknesses of these frameworks. The findings reveal that while Nigeria's legal architecture is extensive and provides mechanisms for investigation, prosecution, and asset recovery, systemic weaknesses continue to hinder its impact. Overlapping mandates among agencies such as the EFCC and ICPC create jurisdictional conflicts and inefficiencies, resulting in delayed or inconsistent prosecutions. Weak enforcement mechanisms, limited whistleblower protections, and loopholes in procurement laws further undermine the fight against corruption. High-profile cases frequently stall due to political interference, inadequate funding, and bureaucratic delays, while punishments prescribed under existing laws often fail to serve as effective deterrents. The research also highlights the lack of robust legal protections for whistleblowers and persistent gaps in judicial efficiency, which discourage reporting and prolong trials. Despite these challenges, the legal framework demonstrates potential through provisions that empower agencies to trace, freeze, and recover illicit assets, and through policies that incentivize citizen reporting. To address these gaps, the study recommends legislative amendments to clarify agency mandates and foster cooperation, measures to strengthen the independence and capacity of anti-corruption agencies and the judiciary, enhanced legal protections for whistleblowers, and reforms to procurement processes and asset declaration regimes. Public awareness campaigns and community engagement are also advised to promote a culture of integrity and accountability. International cooperation is essential for asset recovery and prosecution of fugitives.