A REVIEW OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR RESILIENCE IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS

Flooding has become one of the most frequent and destructive natural disasters globally, especially as climate change accelerates sea-level rise and alters rainfall patterns. This growing threat places more buildings—particularly in low-lying areas—at risk of flood-related damage. In response, architectural design is increasingly recognized as a critical tool for enhancing the resilience of built environments. This study explores global strategies in flood-resilient architecture with the goal of identifying effective design methods that reduce damage and protect human lives in flood-prone regions. A systematic review was conducted using academic databases such as Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. Search terms included “flood-resilient architecture” and “flood-proof building design.” Out of over 60 articles reviewed, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Key strategies were categorized into four main types: elevated structures, floating buildings, water-resistant materials, and intelligent site planning. Common and effective practices included elevating buildings on stilts or plinths, incorporating durable materials such as reinforced concrete and treated timber, and installing adequate drainage systems. The review drew from case studies across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In regions like Nigeria and Thailand, traditional knowledge influenced adaptation strategies, while in countries like the Netherlands, innovation and policy integration played central roles. Combining passive and engineered design approaches—such as floodable landscapes and amphibious housing—proved most effective. Green infrastructure like rain gardens and bioswales also helped manage stormwater. Ultimately, resilient architecture, when supported by community participation and sound policy, plays a vital role in safeguarding people and property in the face of increasing flood risks.