EFFECTS OF AQUEOS EXTRACT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ON ETHANOL INDUCED GASTRIC MUCOSAL INJURY IN ADULT FEMALE RAT

The term "gastric mucosal injury" describes any harm or irritation to the stomach's mucosa, or lining. It's a long-term damage with changed cell lineage. Gastritis refers to inflammation of the stomach lining, which can result from various causes such as infection, medication use, excessive alcohol consumption, or autoimmune disorders. The stomach lining, or mucosa, can become injured due to these factors, leading to gastritis and gastric ulcer. Gastric ulcers are one of the most prevalent types of peptic ulcer commonly seen in humans, affecting more than 10% of the global population (Kenneth T,et al., 2013). The principal etiological factors associated with gastric ulcers are alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) abuse, stress, smoking, and infection of H.pylori(Kurata,et al., 2015). Among risk factors, alcohol consumption can directly interfere with gastric motility and metabolism. Thisactionleadstomucosaldamageandulcerationinthe stomach (Takeuchi,et al., 2018). Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidant, leading to disruption of redox signaling and control and molecular damage (Sies,et al., 2017). It is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and chronic stress and it lead to gastritis, gastric ulcers. Although using antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole), prostaglandin analogs, and H2 receptor blockers (cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine) reduce the mortality of stomach ulcers,attempts to discover new drugs with lower cost and fewer side effects are necessary (Massignani, et al,. 2009). Natural products are an important source for the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcer (Reppeto, et al,. 2002). Various studies have demonstrated that ginger (Zingiberofficinale) possesses gastroprotective effects in experimental gastric ulcer models. Zingerone (4 (4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone) is a non-toxic ingredient of ginger (Zingiber officinale) with different pharmacological activities. It has strong anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, antispasmodic, anti-thrombotic, and antimicrobial properties (Ahmad, et al., 2015). The antioxidant activity of zingerone has been shown in various experimental animal models of diseases and it is shown that this effect of zingerone is equal to ascorbic acid (Shin, et al.,2005). The perennial herbaceous plant known as ginger (Zingiber officinale) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively distributed and used as traditional medicine in Asian countries for a variety of ailments, such as fever, rheumatic illnesses, nausea, vomiting, and colds. Ginger and its active ingredients have been shown in numerous studies to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities. In mycotoxin-treated HepG2 cell lines, ginger extract demonstrated its protective effects by lowering lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. In many animal models of acute or chronic stomach ulcers, ginger extract and its active components also exhibit anti-ulcerative effect by downregulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and upregulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes.