COLLECTIVE BARGAINING DYNAMICS: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND IMPLICATIONS ON LABOR RELATIONS

ABSTRACT Collective bargaining, a crucial process in labor relations involving negotiations between employers and trade unions, has a rich history in Nigeria dating back to the early 20th century. However, the system has faced challenges due to weak legal protections, socioeconomic instability, and periods of military rule. This study evaluates Nigeria's legal framework for collective bargaining and its implications for labor relations by examining current laws, institutions, and practices governing the process using a doctrinal research method. The findings reveal that despite having a relatively comprehensive legal framework, there are gaps and inconsistencies limiting its effectiveness. The Constitution lacks explicit recognition of the right to collective bargaining, and there are restrictions on the right to strike. The institutional framework faces challenges such as limited resources and potential political interference. Key challenges in practice include employers' refusal to recognize unions, failure to implement collective agreements, and absence of timely budgetary provisions. In conclusion, strengthening the legal and institutional framework is crucial for promoting industrial harmony, protecting workers' rights, and fostering economic growth. Recommendations include amending the Constitution to recognize collective bargaining rights, reforming labor laws to ensure compliance with international standards, enhancing the capacity and independence of relevant institutions, and promoting social dialogue and tripartism among government, employers, and unions.