XENOPHOBIC ATTACK AND CITIZEN DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA:THE CASE OF NIGERIAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN RELATIONS

This research critically examined the dynamics of xenophobia and its implications for Nigeria South Africa relations, with a particular focus on the role of citizen diplomacy. Amid recurring xenophobic attacks targeting Nigerian nationals in South Africa, the study explored how informal diplomatic efforts by non state actors such as individuals, communities, and civil society organizations complement or challenge official diplomatic channels. This study utilized a qualitative research methodology using document analysis, and case studies, the study captured the lived experiences of Nigerian migrants, perspectives of diplomatic stakeholders, and the interventions of grassroots actors. Findings reveal that while state led diplomatic responses often remain constrained by political and institutional limitations, citizen diplomacy emerges as a flexible and impactful mechanism for conflict resolution and trust-building. Nigerian citizens have employed various forms of soft diplomacy such as advocacy, intercultural dialogue, and community engagement to counteract negative stereotypes and promote peaceful coexistence. However, the research also identifies gaps in coordination between formal and informal diplomacy, which hinder long-term policy impact. The study concludes that an integrated diplomatic strategy, combining state diplomacy with structured citizen engagement, is essential for mitigating xenophobia and fostering sustainable Nigeria–South Africa relations. It calls for policy reforms that institutionalize citizen diplomacy and promote cross-border socio-cultural understanding within the African continent.