ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE OF MALARIA VECTOR (FEMALE ANOPHELES MOSQUITO)TO INSECTICIDE

The transmission of malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium. The disease is carried by the Anopheles mosquito, which also includes female anopheles. Recently, the mosquito population has developed resistance to insecticides used to control its numbers. This research effort aims to investigate the molecular resistance and develop novel, powerful plant-based bioinsecticides that efficiently control vectors. Batches of 20 mature adult mosquitoes were pooled into separate exposure tubes containing each of the insecticide impregnated papers in two replicas. The WHO insecticide bioassay was used to assess the mosquitoes' susceptibility to the known insecticides; permethrin (0.75%), alphacypermethin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%), and propoxur (0.1%). Then, after an hour and a half, their effects were noted. The population of mosquitoes was completely vulnerable to the insecticides bendiocarb and propoxur, which belong to the carbamate class, but resistant to alphacypermethin and permethin, which belong to the pyrethroid class. Oils derived from Azadirachtaindica, Cymbopogon citrates, Hyptissuaveoleons, Eucalyptus globulus, and Durantarepens were also used in the bioassay. While the extracted oil from C. citratus shown a variety of knockdown effects, that from E. globulus did not exhibit any observable effects on the population of mosquitoes. On female Anopheles mosquitoes, the extracted oil from A. indica also shown a variety of knockdown effects. Likewise, methanolic extracts of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, Cymbopogoncitratus, and Azadirachtaindica were subjected to phytochemical screening. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, and coumarins were among the substances found in the plant samples, according to the analysis. The extracted oils were also subjected to physicochemical analysis, which yielded values for the FFA, acidity, peroxide, and iodine. This research attempts to provide insights that could shape more sustainable and effective approaches in preventing the spread of malaria by understanding and potentially avoiding mosquito resistance to conventional insecticides by bridging the entomological studies with botanical and chemical analyses.