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In the 21st century, the proximal examination of fish behavior—the analysis of immediate genetic, physiological, neurobiological, and environmental mechanisms triggering behavior—has shifted from basic observation to a high-tech, predictive science. Driven by rapid technological innovation and global environmental pressures, modern researchers use fish behavior as a neural proxy to reveal complex internal states, breaking old assumptions that fish operate on simple, rigid reflexes.

This is a Journal of Behavoural Ecology in West Africa.