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Layingapipingsystemisacriticalaspectofinfrastructuredevelopmentinvariousindustries,includingwater,gas,oil,andwastewatermanagement.Theprocessinvolvesthedesign,installation,andtestingofanetworkofpipesintendedtotransportfluidsorgasesfromone locationtoanother.Thispaperoutlinesthefundamentalstepsandconsiderationsinlayingan efficientandreliablepipingsystem.Keyfactorssuchasmaterialselection,pipesizing,route planning,soilconditions,andsafetyprotocolsarediscussedtoensurethesystem'sfunctionality,durability,andcompliancewithindustrystandards.Additionally,theinstallationprocess requiresproperwelding,joining,andsealingtechniques,alongwiththoroughinspectionand pressuretestingtodetectpotentialleaksorweaknesses.Thepaperalsoaddressesthe maintenanceofpipingsystemstoprolongtheirservicelifeandpreventoperationalfailures.Properlyexecuted,thelayingofapipingsystemensuressafeanduninterruptedflow,contributingtotheoperationalsuccessofindustrialandmunicipalinfrastructureprojects.Key componentsincludepipes,valves,pumps,joints,andsupports,allofwhichmustbeselectedand installedtoensureoptimalperformance,reliability,andsafety.Effectivepipingsystemdesign involvesadherencetoengineeringstandardsandcodes,aswellasongoingmaintenanceand monitoringtopreventleaks,failures,andinefficiencies.Theefficiency,durability,and functionalityofapipingsystemarecriticaltothesmoothoperationofindustrialprocessesand thesafetransportoffluids.

ABTRACT This study investigated the effects of Chromolaena odorata (Akintola) and Citrus sinensis (orange) leaf extracts applied to rice husk and maize cob on the physical and chemical properties of sandy soil and the growth performance of maize (Zea mays L.). A total of 60 plots were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design, and treatments were applied at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations. The results showed that the combination of Chromolaena odorata extract with maize cob at 20% significantly improved soil bulk density (1.88 g/cm³), indicating enhanced soil structure and reduced compaction.In contrast, the combination of Orange Leaf + Maize Cob at 5% showed the least improvement in bulk density (1.057 g/cm³), indicating a relatively weak effect on soil structure. Similarly, porosity was most enhanced by Chromolaena odorata + Maize Cob at 20% (53.8%), while the lowest improvement was recorded under Orange Leaf + Rice Husk at 5% (34.0%). For hydraulic conductivity, the highest value was observed in Orange Leaf + Rice Husk at 10% (1.521 cm/sec), whereas the lowest was found in Chromolaena odorata + Maize Cob at 15% (0.842 cm/sec). On chemical properties, the highest nitrogen content was recorded in Chromolaena odorata + Rice Husk at 15% (5.29%), while the same treatment at 20% dropped to a lower value (0.42%), suggesting potential inconsistencies at higher concentrations. Organic carbon content peaked under the same treatment at 15% (2.83%). These results demonstrate that both the type of extract and the amendment level significantly influenced the outcomes. The study concludes that Chromolaena odorata and orange leaf extracts, particularly when combined with maize cob or rice husk at 15–20%, can significantly improve soil fertility and maize growth. However, lower concentrations, especially with orange leaf extract, had limited effects on key soil parameters. The study recommends further research into the optimal combinations and application levels of organic residues and leaf extracts to support sustainable agricultural practices.

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to investigate the Impact of Parental Involvement on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area of Taraba State. The study had two objectives to determine the impact of parental payment of school fees on students’ academic performance in secondary school of Ardo Kola LGA, Taraba State and to determine the impact of parental payment of learning materials on students’ academic performance in Secondary school of Ardo Kola LGA, Taraba State. The design of the study was descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of 143 public secondary school teachers in Ardo-Kola LGA of Taraba state (Taraba State Post Primary Management Board TSPPMB, 2022). Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaire developed by the researcher titled: Parental Involvement Questionnaires (PIQ). Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used to analyses the data. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between payment of school fees and academic performance and the provision of study materials by parents ensures student academic performance is significantly improved. It was recommended among others that parents should check students’ books on regular basis by helping the children solve their assignments

This study examined the impact of tax revenue on economic growth in Nigeria. Specifically, the study assessed the impact of stamp duty on economic growth in Nigeria, determined the impact of capital gains tax on economic growth in Nigeria and evaluated the impact of education tax on economic growth in Nigeria. The study adopts expo-facto research design. Ex post facto is considered appropriate for the study because the study aimed at obtaining important information on the status of specific phenomenon after some naturally occurring treatment without any manipulation of the situation. This study used secondary source of data and it was be gathered from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (CBN, 2019) and Federal Internal Revenue Services. The data comprises annual time series spanning from 2010 through 2019. The research employs only quantitative method of data analysis. Unit root, ARDL to test for the hypotheses .The tested hypotheses revealed revealed that STD,CGT and EDT has a positive but insignificant long run effect on economic growth of Nigeria for the period covered to the tune of .168510, 0.14777 and 0.119550 (p=0.8715, 0.9476,0.9222>0.05). It was recommended that Ekiti State government should review the taxation system in Nigeria to ensure transparency in the operations of tax authorities.

Typhoid fever is a systemic disease and a major cause of enteric disease leading to a public health concern.This disease is a very prevalent one in different countries including Nigeria.The aim of the study is to calculate the incidence of positive widal agglutination test among undergraduates in BOUESTI, Ikere- Ekiti.A total number of 200 samples were collected randomly from student of BOUESTI including both males and females which is tested for salmonella antigen .The overall gender prevalence of positive widal agglutination was higher in females(37%) than males(28.5%).Widal titre value 1:320 had a higher prevalence of (87.8%) in females.The temperature range of (36.4-36.9) had a higher prevalence in males with (37%).Therefore, proper sanitation should be observed by students in the university as a result of the high prevalence of typhoid fever in the university.The result also proved the reliability of the widal test in the diagnosis of salmonella typhoid infection.<br><br> This study provides the university management adequate knowledge of the infection and also serve as a guide in providing solutions and even recommendations to curb the further spread of the infection in the institution. <br><br> <br><br> Keywords: Salmonella, Prevalence,Widal agglutination test,Typhoid fever, etc.

_ABSTRACT_ _This research study examined “Morphological and Syntactical Errors in essay writing among Senior Secondary School Students in Okehi Local Government Area, Kogi State”. Five (5) research questions were raised to guide the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. One hundred (100) teachers from 5 randomly selected secondary schools were drawn as sample used for the study. The data for the study was collected using a well – structured questionnaire. The data obtained through the procedure was analyzed using statistical tools like frequency and percentage. The finding shows that mother tongue significantly hinders the acquisition of English morphology, as students tend to apply the grammatical rules of their native language to English. It also reveals that prepositional errors are common among secondary school students, highlighting the need for targeted instruction in this area. It was also discovered that the differences in the syntactic structures of Ebira and English languages can lead to significant difficulties for students, as they often apply their native language rules to English. The findings also reveals that error analysis is a way to look at the mistakes that students make when learning a new language and also emphasizes that students often transfer structures from their L1 into their L2 writing, leading to both morphological and syntactical errors. In the view of the findings, the study recommends implementing professional development programs to equip teachers with strategies for addressing common language errors and managing the influence of mother tongue interference. The English language curriculum should be designed to include exercise and activities that specifically target grammatical errors, ensuring frequent practice and reinforcement. Additionally, parental and community involvement should be encouraged to support students’ language learning by promoting reading habits and providing access to English language resources._

ABSTRACT This study assesseS the effect of tax revenue on infrastructural development of Nigeria. Petroleum profit tax, company income tax, value added and custom and excise duties tax were used to proxy tax revenue, while capital expenditure was used to measure economic growth for a period of twenty seven years spanning from 1995 to 2021. Based on the objectives of the study, four hypotheses were formulated. Ex- Post facto research design was adopted. The time series data were obtained from Federal Ministry of Finance, Federal Inland Revenue Services, Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank Publications. As a preliminary step in testing, the study employed the Augmented Dickey Fully Unit root test to confirm the order of integration of the time series variables. The study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Pearson correlation and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis. The specific findings showed that: Petroleum profit tax has a significant and positive effect on capital expenditure of Nigeria (B= 0.481341; p-value = 0.0060 < 0.05); Company income tax has a significant and positive effect on capital expenditure (B2=0.602013; p-value = 0.0000 0.05); Value Added Tax has a significant and positive effect on capital expenditure (B3= 1.155875; p-value = 0.0000 0.05); Customs and excise duty has a significant and positive effect on capital expenditure (B4= 1.530929; p-value = 0.0000 < 0.05) of Nigeria at 5% level of significance respectively. It was recommended that Government should put in place adequate measure to ensure that revenue generated from tax is effectively utilized to develop and grow the economy

This study examined the impact of a 30-minute radio programme on cultural diversity among students of Kaduna Polytechnic. The aim was to determine how a focused media broadcast could influence students’ awareness, attitudes, and willingness to interact with peers from different cultural backgrounds. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, involving the use of pre-programme and post-programme questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interviews. A total of 280 students participated in the survey, while selected students and radio personnel took part in qualitative sessions. Findings from the study revealed that although students recognized the presence of cultural diversity on campus, many still primarily associated with individuals from similar ethnic or linguistic backgrounds. After listening to the broadcast, students demonstrated improved appreciation for cultural differences, reduced stereotypes, and increased openness toward intercultural communication and collaboration. The programme’s use of personal stories, interviews, and culturally diverse music played a key role in promoting emotional connection and understanding. The study concludes that radio is an effective medium for promoting unity, tolerance, and positive cultural interaction in tertiary institutions. It recommends regular cultural awareness broadcasts, active student involvement, collaboration with cultural associations, and continuous monitoring of programme impact to sustain long-term intercultural harmony among students.