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This study addresses the critical challenge of improving cybersecurity through enhanced <br> intrusion detection by developing an ensemble machine learning-based Intrusion Detection <br> System (IDS). As cyberattacks grow increasingly sophisticated, traditional IDS solutions—<br> while valuable for monitoring network traffic and identifying vulnerabilities—often suffer <br> from high false positive/negative rates and lack adaptability to evolving threats. This <br> research proposes an advanced IDS model that leverages ensemble machine learning <br> techniques to combine the strengths of multiple algorithms, thereby improving detection <br> accuracy, reducing false alarms, and enabling real-time threat response. The study focuses <br> on utilizing publicly available datasets to train and evaluate the model, targeting a broad <br> range of cyber threats, including malware, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, and <br> unauthorized access attempts. By integrating deep learning and ensemble methods, the <br> proposed system aims to overcome the limitations of single-model approaches, offering a <br> more robust and adaptive solution for network security. The findings are expected to benefit <br> sectors requiring high-security standards, such as healthcare, banking, and government, by <br> providing a scalable, efficient, and automated intrusion detection framework. However, the <br> study acknowledges limitations, including reliance on public datasets and a focus on <br> network-based threats, excluding endpoint and insider threats. Ultimately, this research <br> contributes to the advancement of intelligent cybersecurity systems capable of countering <br> modern cyber threats with greater precision and speed

Due to the epileptic power supply in Nigeria, other energy sources are being sought. This project involves the design and fabrication of an efficient solar water heating system. The materials for the components were then selected with consideration to the design calculations, machinability, market availability and cost of the materials.<br><br><br><br><br> The system was then constructed using the selected materials. The system consists of a storage tank of 30 litres capacity, a flat-plate collector with a single layer of glass on top, and a flow channel. The thermosiphon water flow principle and the pump assist water flow principle was applied to the system and an average flow rate of 0.15 litres /min was recorded.<br><br><br><br><br> The system was tested for three days, the temperature of hot water and heat absorbed increased from 390c and at 9:00 am on the first days of testing and it peaked at 500c at 1. 00p.m and dropped to 400c 315KJ at 3.00 pm 4pm. This trend was seen to be recurrent for the other two days in which the test was carried out.

This study examine the marketing of non-timber forest product as an income generating activity among selected communities surrounding Shere Hills in Jos Metropolis in Plateau State Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used in selecting all the front line non timber forest product marketers in the study area. Structure questionnaire was used for data collection data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression model, farm budgeting model, marketing margin and marketing efficiency. The result showed that multiple regression model had R-Square value of 58.5%, mean age of the marketers was 23 years, majority (41.4%) were married, 47.5% had secondary education in terms of experience, 55.6% of the marketers had average mean of 8 years of experience in non-timber forest product marketing the regression result review cost of transportation and educational level were significant at 5% each, age, quality of non-timber forest product sold and cost of non-timber forest product sold were significant at 10% each, as they affect non timber forest product marketers in the study area. the average total cost of marketing per litre (Honey), 1.5kg (locus beans), and 10kg (fuel wood/charcoal) was N280, N060 and N2077.15 respectively, average variable cost counted for 100% with average net income of N720, N440 and N422.85 per liter, 1.5kg and 10kg respectively, marketing margin was 12.5%, 20% and 12.0% marketing efficiency was 127%, 142% and 120% with rate of return on investment N0.27, N0,42 and 0,20 respectively for every N1 invested on non-timber forest product marketing. Poor market outlet constituted the major constraint of non-timber forest product marketing with 80.9%. The conclusion was that non timber forest product marketing is a lucrative and profitable business and higher profit will be obtained if proper marketing system is in place and the constraints associated with non-timber forest product in Jos metropolises of Plateau State are removed.

The need for more efficient solar energy systems has increased due to the growing global demand for renewable fuels. This research studies the development, implementation, and operational assessment of a photovoltaic (PV) panels dual axis solar tracking system. Unlike fixed or single axis tracking systems, dual axis trackers enable solar panels to track the sun’s movement on horizontal (azimuth) and vertical (elevation) axis. The capability to adjust solar panels in elevation and azimuth throughout the entire day permits the structures to maintain perpendicular alignment to the incoming sunlight, thus improving solar irradiance and power generation. The project consists of developing a working prototype which incorporates an Arduino based control system with LDRs for detecting sunlight position, steering mechanical movements via geared DC motors coordinated with dual H-bridge motor drivers for rotational control. Geared DC motors are used for mechanical movements while the direction control is performed by dual H-bridge motor drivers. The real-time adjustments are performed by LDRs positioned at strategic locations measuring varying levels of sunlight. Aspects of the designed dual axis system with regard to energy efficiency were analyzed and the outcomes were benchmarked against fixed and single axis models under diverse weather conditions and physical locations. Some of the most important measures of evaluation were energy productivity per day, precision of tracking and responsiveness of the system. Experimental data showed that dual-axis tracking systems had higher energy output as compared to fixed- panel systems by 27.49% in energy efficiency, demonstrating the effectiveness of real- time solar energy collection adjustments. Continuous, real-time manipulation provides maximized harvesting potential, especially during low-light sunlight angle times in early mornings and late afternoons. This study illustrates the strength dual-axis tracking systems have in making PV systems more effective and practical, especially for areas with high variability in solar energy. Moreover, the usage of inexpensive materials such as Arduino microcontrollers and LDRs makes the implementation of this technology affordable for small-scale and residential purposes. Further plans include developing the prototype for long-term testing along with adding weather forecast algorithms for predictive tracking and employing machine learning for enhanced tracking precision and energy efficiency.

This study examines the historical barriers to girl child education in Ngwa land between 1990 and 2020, situating them within the wider Nigerian struggle for gender equality and development. The research highlights how cultural traditions, economic hardship, and institutional neglect combined to limit girls’ access to education, while also analyzing the transformative role of education in reshaping women’s political, economic, and social participation. Using a historical-analytical approach, the study draws upon both oral traditions and secondary sources to reconstruct the dynamics of girl child education in Ngwa society. It underscores the influence of traditional institutions such as the Umuada and women’s congresses, alongside modern agents including non-governmental organizations, religious groups, and political parties. Findings reveal that while entrenched patriarchy and socio-economic challenges persisted, education empowered Ngwa women to achieve greater political participation, economic emancipation, and advocacy for gender equality. The work contributes to the historiography of gender studies in Nigeria by situating Ngwa women within broader debates on education, development, and social change

ABSTRACT<br> Intestinal parasitic infections constitute a major public health problem in rural and semi-urban communities in Nigeria. This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal parasites and documented both conventional and traditional remedies used in Uli, Ihiala L.G.A., Anambra State.<br> A cross-sectional study involving 300 participants was conducted between October 2022 and May 2023. Stool samples were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions assessed knowledge, attitude, practices, and remedies. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0 with Chi-square test at p

ABSTRACT<br> The proliferation of digital technologies has significantly impacted various aspects of society, including the dynamics of organized crime. This study examines the interplay between digital technology and organized criminal activities in Nigeria from 2015 to 2024. The main objectives of the study are to: (i) investigate how weak enforcement of digital payment technology regulations accounts for the proliferation of financial crimes in Nigeria; and (ii) determine whether advancement in internet penetration exacerbates the incidence of kidnapping in Nigeria. Drawing upon empirical data and the following theoretical frameworks, the institutional theory, single case study, ex post facto research design, documentary method of data collection, and content analysis, the study investigates how the adoption and utilization of digital tools have facilitated the operations of organized crime groups in Nigeria. The study explores the range of digital technologies employed by criminal syndicates, including encrypted communication channels, digital currencies, and online marketplaces for illicit goods and services. It examines the implications of these technologies for the structure, coordination, and reach of organized crime networks within Nigeria and across international borders. The research also examines the evolving tactics and strategies employed by law enforcement agencies and policymakers in combating technology-enabled organized crime. It evaluates the effectiveness of existing countermeasures and provides recommendations for strengthening the legal and operational frameworks needed to address this emerging challenge. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between digital technology and organized crime in Nigeria, this study contributes to a better understanding of the evolving threats posed by these criminal activities and informs policymaking efforts aimed at mitigating their impact on society.<br> Keywords: Organized crime; Cybercrime; Digital technologies; Cryptocurrencies; Money laundering; Online fraud; Cybersecurity; Ransomware; Law enforcement; Counterterrorism; Nigeria; West Africa; Transnational crime; Illicit networks.

This study investigated the effect of different stem cutting lengths on the propagation and early growth performance of Khaya senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, and Acacia senegal L. under nursery conditions at the University of Maiduguri. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with growth parameters including shoot height, stem diameter(cm), and leaf number monitored over an eight-week period. Data were analysed using ANOVA at a 5% probability level. The results revealed no significant (P = 0.05) variations in growth responses across all treatments, as the mean shoot height, stem diameter, and leaf number consistently remained low, with most cuttings failing to produce leaves or sustain healthy vigour. Statistical analysis confirmed that Stem length had no influence on early growth performance, while environmental stressors such as high temperatures, poor soil fertility, inadequate drainage, and possible pest infestations were identified as potential limiting factors. The findings suggest that stem cutting length alone is not sufficient for successful propagation of the studied species under the prevailing conditions. It is therefore recommended that nursery practices be improved, Pests and diseases monitored, and alternative propagation methods explored to enhance establishment and growth of these ecologically and economically valuable tree species..