Search NAPiD.

This study investigated the impact of classroom climate on the academic achievement of secondary school students in Economics in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. The research adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised all 1,237 Senior Secondary Two (SSII) students offering Economics in public schools within the area. A sample of 302 students was selected from ten schools using a multi-stage sampling technique that involved purposive selection of schools and simple random sampling of students. The main instrument for data collection was the Classroom Climate and Academic Achievement Questionnaire (CCAAQ), complemented by students' most recent school-based Economics examination scores. The CCAAQ was validated by experts and demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.86. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) to answer the research questions and inferential statistics (independent samples t-test) to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed that teacher-student relationships, peer interactions, classroom management practices, and physical classroom conditions all had a significant positive impact on students' academic achievement in Economics. However, no significant gender difference was found in students' experiences of classroom climate in relation to their academic achievement. Based on these findings, the study recommends that Economics teachers should prioritize building supportive relationships with students and employ interactive, student-centered instructional strategies. School administrators should provide training for teachers on effective classroom management and ensure classrooms are equipped with adequate physical resources to create a conducive learning environment. These measures are essential for enhancing academic achievement in Economics and similar subjects.

The rapid growth in technology has aided tremendous innovations which have ensured that man’s life is invigorated. It has elevated man’s effort towards achieving his goals easily. In the past, there are different ways of knowing or measuring time which include the use of the people’s shadow, position of the sun, and cock crows, but all these ways are not accurate and reliable but boring and tedious; and that leads to the introduction of clock.<br> Analog clock was first introduced and this type of clock displays numerical values by physical variables. This analog type of clock does not solve the problems of accuracy and reliability and that led to the invention of digital clock.<br> Digital clock displays a numeric representation of time with discrete or digital display (numerals or other symbols) as opposed to an analog clock where time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands. <br> Digital clocks typically use the 50 or 60Hertz oscillation as a quartz clock to keep time. Digital clock displays the hour of day mostly in 24-hour and 12-hour format with AM or PM indicator, it also uses an LCD or LED display time.<br> In this project a digital clock is developed with an LCD screen for the display of second, minute and hour. <br> 1.2 Problem Statement<br> Most digital clocks run consume power and drain battery. In addition, most digital clocks do not have backup battery to enable them keep accurate time and allow operations such as triggering alarm, even when the main battery dies. This is the need for a digital clock with backup battery.<br> 1.3 Aim and Objectives<br> The major aim of this project is to design and implement a real time digital clock which will display minutes, hours of the day with backup battery. Other specific objectives include:<br> a. To assemble components in order to produce digital clock<br> The rapid growth in technology has aided tremendous innovations which have ensured that man’s life is invigorated. It has elevated man’s effort towards achieving his goals easily. In the past, there are different ways of knowing or measuring time which include the use of the people’s shadow, position of the sun, and cock crows, but all these ways are not accurate and reliable but boring and tedious; and that leads to the introduction of clock.<br> Analog clock was first introduced and this type of clock displays numerical values by physical variables. This analog type of clock does not solve the problems of accuracy and reliability and that led to the invention of digital clock.<br> Digital clock displays a numeric representation of time with discrete or digital display (numerals or other symbols) as opposed to an analog clock where time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands. <br> Digital clocks typically use the 50 or 60Hertz oscillation as a quartz clock to keep time. Digital clock displays the hour of day mostly in 24-hour and 12-hour format with AM or PM indicator, it also uses an LCD or LED display time.<br> In this project a digital clock is developed with an LCD screen for the display of second, minute and hour. <br> 1.2 Problem Statement<br> Most digital clocks run consume power and drain battery. In addition, most digital clocks do not have backup battery to enable them keep accurate time and allow operations such as triggering alarm, even when the main battery dies. This is the need for a digital clock with backup battery.<br> 1.3 Aim and Objectives<br> The major aim of this project is to design and implement a real time digital clock which will display minutes, hours of the day with backup battery. Other specific objectives include:<br> a. To assemble components in order to produce digital clock

ABSTRACT<br><br> This project presents the design and implementation of a remote-controlled fan system that integrates infrared (IR) technology and a web-based control interface to provide users with flexible and efficient fan operation. The system was developed to address the limitations of conventional fan regulators, which typically require manual adjustments, by introducing both local and remote control capabilities.<br><br> The hardware design employs an ESP8266 microcontroller connected to three relays that represent low, medium, and high fan speeds. An infrared remote is programmed with specific hexadecimal codes to toggle each relay, while an integrated web server allows fan operation via Wi-Fi. To ensure smooth operation, the system incorporates logic that prevents multiple relays from being activated simultaneously, thereby avoiding contradictions between the IR and web controls. In scenarios where internet access is unavailable, the system is capable of operating solely through IR commands, ensuring uninterrupted functionality.<br><br> Testing and evaluation confirm that the system performs reliably, enabling users to control fan speed either through the IR remote or a mobile/web interface. The solution demonstrates cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and enhanced user convenience. Beyond household applications, the system highlights the potential for broader use in smart home automation and Internet of Things (IoT) systems.

ABSTRACT<br> Poverty and unemployment has been a reoccurring issue ravaging most countries of Third World. Many states have develop policies and strategies to combat the menace yet these programmes seems not to achieve the required goal of alleviating poverty. The essence of this research is to assess the poverty eradication programme on Rural development: A study of Arochukwu Local Government Area of Abia State,Nigeria. Three (3) objectives of the research are develop; 1. to assess the impact of tricycles distribution to indigenes of Arochukwu on employment creation and Rural development; 2. to examine the impact of agricultural grants in the increase in farmer's productivity and rural development in Arochukwu Local Government of Abia State; 3. to identify the challenges hindering the implementation of programmes in Arochukwu Local government Area of Abia State. Literatures are reviewed based on the variables in the research question, objectives and hypothesis. Primary and secondary data was used in the research and the Structural functionalist theory was explore in the course of the research. The research is a survey design and it combines the Qualitative and quantitative approach in data analysis. Chi-square is used to testing the hypotheses. Findings from the field indicates that: 1 the distribution of tricycles to indigenes of Arochukwu has a significant impact on employment creation and rural development: 2. The provision of agricultural grants has increased farmer's productivity and rural development in Arochukwu Local Government of Abia State; 3. the NAPEP has not been implemented consistently with the policy framework of ensuring improvement in the rural development of the people of Arochukwu Local Government Area of Abia State. Recommendations made are: 1.these programmes are not sufficient enough to accommodate many people. Therefore poverty alleviation programmes should encompass many beneficiaries in other to have a great significant effect on the lives of the people; 2. The Abia State Agricultural Development Programme on grant should be monitored and given to the true beneficiaries who meet the requirements; 3. There is need for continuity and sustainability especially on programmes that seems visible and beneficial to the community.

TITLE PAGE <br> <br> EFFECT OF ALCOHOL AND SMOKING ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF ECONOMICS STUDENTS, ALVAN IKOKU FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OWERRI <br> <br> <br> <br> A RESEARCH PROJECT (ED 451) SUBMITTED TO THE<br> SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ALVAN IKOKU FEDERAL COLLEGE<br> OF EDUCATION, OWERRI IN AFFILIATION WITH THE<br> UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA (UNN)<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC) DEGREE IN<br> ECONOMICS<br> <br> <br> <br> BY<br> <br> <br> KEKE CHIEMEKA CHRISTIANTUS <br> BD/19/19/87726<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> JULY, 2023.<br> <br> APPROVAL<br> This research project has been approved by school of General Education, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Imo State. In Affiliation with University of Nigeria, Nsukka.<br> By<br> <br> <br> Dr. Aguwamba Charles __________ __________<br> (Project Supervisor) Signature Date <br> <br> <br> <br> Dr. Ihugba .O.A ___________ __________<br> (H.O.D, Economics) Signature Date<br> <br> <br> <br> Dr. Ezinne Okoroafor ___________ __________<br> (Dean School of Art & Social Sciences) Signature Date<br> <br> <br> <br> Dr. Ukwuoma NTA ___________ ___________<br> (Dean, School of General Education) Signature Date<br> <br> <br> <br> External Examiner ___________ ___________<br> <br> <br> <br> DEDICATION<br> I dedicate this work to my siblings Ikenna and Ogechi<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br> Foremost, I am grateful to God Almighty for his grace and divine mercy upon my life and giving me also the good health, encouragement and patience that enable me to complete this research study. <br> I also acknowledge my amiable and ebullient Supervisor Dr. Aguwamba Charles, who painstakingly guided me all through the period of this research study. <br> I want to also appreciate the efforts of my ever loving and irreplaceable parents Mr. Keke Kyrian and his Keke Chinyere for standing by me through this journey, thank you all, your love is priceless. <br> Finally, I want to appreciate my ever loving siblings Ikenna and Ogechi, friends and well-wishers without whose efforts this work would not have been completed. <br> God bless you all. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> TABLE OF CONTENTS<br> Title Page - - - - - - - - - - i<br> Approval - - - - - - - - - - ii<br> Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii<br> Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - iv<br> Table of Contents - - - - - - - - v <br> Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii<br> Chapter One: Introduction <br> Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1 <br> Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 4<br> Purpose of the Study - - - - - - - - 4<br> Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 5 <br> Research Questions - - - - - - - - 6<br> Scope of the Study - - - - - - - - 7<br> Chapter Two: Review of Literature <br> Conceptual Framework - - - - - - - - 14 <br> Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 28<br> Empirical Review - - - - - - - 31<br> Summary of Literature Review - - - - - - 35<br> Chapter Three: Research Methodology<br> Research Design - - - - - - - - - 36 <br> Area of the Study - - - - - - - - 36<br> Population of the Study - - - - - - - 37<br> Sample and Sampling Technique - - - - - 38<br> Instrument for Data Collection - - - - - - 39<br> Validation of the Instrument - - - - - - 39 <br> Administration of the Instrument - - - - - 39<br> Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 40<br> Chapter Four: Data Presentation and Analysis - - - 41 <br> Chapter Five: Discussion of Findings, Conclusion Educational Implications Recommendations, Suggestions for Further Studies, Limitations and Summary 43 <br> Discussion of Findings - - - - - - - 43<br> Summary - - - - - - - - - 48<br> Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 50<br> Limitations of the Study- - - - - - - - 51<br> Recommendations - - - - - - - - 52<br> Educational Implication of the Study - - - - - 54 <br> Suggestion for Further Studies- - - - - - 55 <br> References - - - - - - - - - 56<br> Questionnaire - - -- - - - - - 57<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> ABSTRACT<br> This research investigated the effects of alcohol and smoking on the academic achievement of students. This study was a descriptive survey which employed the structured personally administered questionnaire to investigate the effects of Alcohol and Smoking on the academic achievement of economic students. The sample size of 380 respondents were used to get information concerning the study. Sample percentage was used for data analysis. Findings established that alcohol and smoking affects the education, social, health and economic prospects of the students and the society in general. The study also established that there should be provision for compulsory lessons on causes and dangers of alcohol and smoking consumption in-the-curriculum in all strata of educational system as a drug education. The study recommends that Government should enforce a "Decree 20" tobacco smoking control and sanctions on consumption dependency and misuse of alcohol and cigarette in the cinema. There should be ample supply of psychologists and counselors at the various levels of education to attend to school properly. Recreational facilities should be provided in schools to make sure that students enjoy their leisure, so as to prevent their minds from wandering towards unhealthy deviant practices.<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> CHAPTER ONE<br> INTRODUCTION<br> Background to the Study<br> Alcoholism is the addiction consumption of alcohol drink. Alcoholism is chronic in the sense that if it is used to the high degree, it interferes with physical or mental health, normal social and work behaviour. Alcoholism can also be seen as alcohol abuse. Having a drinking problem, drinking to get high no matter the cost, it can cause a problem in a person's life, the problem can range from physical addition to aberrant behaviour. As with any other addition, alcoholism can wreak have on an individual's physical, emotional, psychological and financial wellbeing.<br> Alcoholism is particularly troublesome because it may develop over a number of years, progressing from light social drinking with no problems to uncontrollable heavy drinking that affects behaviour. The steps are so gradual that they may refuse to believe that a problem exists. Alcoholism include when a person becomes preoccupied with drinking, he depend on alcohol to bolster his courage or deal with problems and continue drinking even if it causes problem.<br> Like a moth that eats away the wooden bean of a house, drug can corrode the whole structure of society. For human society to function properly, it must have stable families, healthy workers, trustworthy government, honest police, and law abiding citizens. According to the United Nations secretary General Kofi Annan (1999) observed that: Drugs are tearing apart our societies, spawn crime, spreading diseases such as Aids and killing our youth and future. And today, there are an estimated one hundred and ninety) million drug users around the world. No country is immune and alone, no country can help to stand the drug habit within its borders. The globalization of the drug habit requires an international response.<br> Tobacco smoking and alcoholism form parts of this global drug problem. World Health Organization (WHO, 999) estimated that cigarette smoke contains over four thousand health threatening components of which two hundred are known to be poisons, Regardless of the number of toxins, however, there are little doubts about the divesting effects smoking has on one's health. While hard drugs like crack cocaine, nicotine, marijuana booze, caffeine and heroin capture public attention, the abuse alcohol inflicts even more damage. Alcoholism affects one in ten Nigerians and costs the Federal Ministry of Health about ten billion naira a year (Medical post December 2006). Many violent, crimes such as murder, assault, rape and child abuse or suicide often has alcohol at the background as the silent inducer, it is therefore important to find a solution for those who have physical dependence of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs.<br> In Nigeria, much of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption is found among youths between the brackets of 17-35 years of age. At seventeen years most youths have already graduated from the senior secondary school with the desire of smoking and alcoholism. It may therefore not be out of place to assume that the above age bracket can mostly be found in Nigeria tertiary institutions; it is estimated that between 1999 and 2008 no fewer than 65% of the Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri population currently are youths in the age bracket. <br> Statement of the Problem<br> Alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking have been declared "societal virus" especially among the youths who are mainly identified in the tertiary institution. Problems associated with alcoholism and tobacco smoking are truancy, bullying, rape, theft; sneaking school bound, violent, little or no reading, cultism, loss of memory, insomnia, over speeding, drunkenness, etc. <br> Purpose of the Study <br> The purpose of this study centers on the effect of alcohol smoking on the Academic on the academic achievement of students in higher institutions. A case study of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. <br> Specifically the study intends to:<br> 1. Identify the influence of alcohol and smoking on the study habits of students in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri.<br> 2. Know the types of violent crimes and vices students who take smoke and alcohol are involved in determine whether students who get involved in alcohol and smoking violate school rules and regulations, know whether students who take to alcohol and smoking are involved in violent crimes or social vices.<br> 3. Suggest various measures that can be taken to reduce the spate of alcoholism and taking of hard drugs in Nigerian tertiary institutions.<br> Significance of the Study<br> It is believed that this study will be of immense help to students it will help them to curtail the amount of alcohol intake and smoking that goes on in many higher institutions. They will realize that alcohol and hard drugs have adverse effect on their academic career, such as mental disorder, low retentive memory, forgetfulness, bullying etc.<br> The study will also be a guide to other researchers who may wish to continue to research on other issues related to the research topic.<br> It will be used by school counselors in choosing behaviour modification therapy that can assist students who are already addicted to hard drugs and alcohol.<br> It will further serve as a reference material to students and lecturers in Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. <br> The study will also help the society to identify why some students or individuals behave irrationally in their communities. This study will be a guide to curriculum planners. It will be of great importance to the Federal Ministry of Health In its guest for further enlightenment to the public on the dangers of alcoholism and smoking. The study will also be documentary evidence or material of importance to the students in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri on drug education. <br> Research Questions<br> 1. What influence do alcohol and smoking have on the study habits of the students of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri?<br> 2. What violent crimes and vices do students who take alcohol and smokes get themselves involved in?<br> 3. To what extent do students who get involved in alcohol and smoking violate the school rules and regulations? <br> 4. To what extent do students who take to alcohol and smoking are involved in. <br> 5. What various measures can be taken to reduce the spate of alcoholism and taking of hard drugs in our Nigerian tertiary institutions?<br> Scope of the Study<br> This study is will be limited to Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri because the researcher wants to find out the effect of smoking and alcohol on behaviours of students of higher institutions. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> CHAPTER TWO<br> REVIEW OF LITERATURE<br> The related literature will be reviewed under the following: Conceptual Framework, Theoretical Framework, Empirical Review and Summary.<br> Historical Background <br> The history of smoking dates back as early as 500BC in Shamanistic rituals, with the arrivals of the Europeans in the 16th Century, the consumption, cultivation, and trading of tobacco quickly spread. With the modernization of farm equipment and manufacturing increase the cigarette production in the United States. This method of consumption quickly expanded the scope of consumption, which grew until the scientific controversies of the 1960s, and condemnation in the 1980s.<br> Cannabis was common in the Middle East before the arrival of tobacco and has been known to be in existence since 2000BC. The early consumption of cannabis was a social activity that centered around the type of water pipe called a hookah. Previously eaten for its medicinal properties, opium smoking became wide spread during the 19th century from British trade with china. This spawned many infamous opium dens. In the latter half of the century, opium smoking became popular in the artistic communities of Europe. While opium dens continued to exist throughout the world, the trend among the Europeans abated during the First World War, and among the Chinese during the revolution. With the modernization of cigarette consumption compounded the increased life expectancies during the 1920, adverse health effects became more noticeable. In 1929, fritz of Dresden, Germany, published a formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer-tobacco link; which subsequently led the strong anti-smoking movement of Nazi Germany. The subject remained largely taboo until 1954 with the British Doctors study, and in 1964 United States surgeon General's report. Tobacco became stigmatized, which led to the largest civil settlement in United States history, the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).<br> After the Europe exploration and subsequent colonization of the Americas in 16th century, the smoking, cultivation and trading of tobacco quickly spread to all corners of the globe. By the mid 17th century, every major civilization had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many had already assimilated it into the native culture respite the Mnpts of many rulers to stamp the practice out with harsh penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product and plant, followed major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then into native hinterlands. The English language term "smoking" was coined in the late 17th century; until then it was referred to as "drinking smoke". Soon after its introduction to the old world, tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and religious leaders.<br> Mura iv, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was among the first to a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public moral health. In Japan some of the earliest tobacco plantations were scorned by the shogunate as being a threat to the military economy by letting valuable farm land go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used to plant food crops. Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright blasphemous.<br> In 1634 the patriarch of Moscow for bade the sale of tobacco and sentenced men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostril slit id their backs whipped until skin came off their backs. Despite many concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were almost universally ignored.<br> When James I of England, a staunch anti-smoker and the author of anti-tobacco, tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a whopping 400% increase on tobacco in 1640, it proved a failure, as London had some 7,000 tobacco sellers by the early 17th century. Smoking ban was futile, instead it turned tobacco trade and cultivation into lucrative government monopolies. Sub-Sahara Africa, cannabis smoking was introduced to Sub-Sahara Africa through Ethiopia and the East African coast by either India or Arab traders in the 13th century or earlier and spread on same trade route as those that carried coffee, which originated in the highlands of Ethiopia. It was smoked in calabash water pipes terracotta smoking bowls, apparently an Ethiopian invention which was later conveyed to eastern, southern and central Africa. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what to be is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time caravans from morocco brought tobacco to the areas around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout Africa by the 1650s. Both imported tobacco and tobacco pipes became prized and valuable trading goods and were quickly absorbed into African cultural traditions, rituals and politics.<br> In modern Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern and an expression of modernity, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the west receive much less attention.<br> This study investigated drug abuse among students of Nigerian tertiary institutions generally and Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri in particular. Drug consumption in our society has become an issue of debate. In fact, the increase in numbers of youths in Nigerian institutions, consumatory activities such as drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, taking stimulant drugs are rapidly coming to dominate their lives. This has become an unfortunate conduction for our youths to depend on artificial substitutes for a wider range of emotional and behavioural satisfaction. However, some of these problems of addiction arise from human personality factor, in terms of addictive attitude exhibited by individuals in the society. The interpretations such issues are always retrospective historical. Aside from obvious effects and problems of protracted drug intake on the addicted personality, several incidental factors are involved; particularly the psychological and sociological implication of applying the roles of addiction in our society. other words, some of these effects influences and permit drugs to be Bailable to our youths of today, which invariably allows them to become member of street corner society, campus secret cults and also create psychological needs which enhance the value of narcotics of the individual, thus, the complex problem to be as much of a function socio Lology.<br> <br> <br> <br> Conceptual Framework <br> Alcoholism <br> Alcohol as a drug is seen among the habit forming substances. The use of alcohol can easily become a habit, which is difficult to break, Alexander, Pizza, Mekos & Valente (2001) defined alcohol as "an Intoxicating element found in wine, gin, beer, kolanut and other substance". Basically, the content of alcohol in fermented or distilled liquor differs. The content is greater in beer, gin and whisky than in raffia palm wine (Ngwo), oil palm wine (Nkwu) and wine branded from fermented millet (Brukutu). Alcohol beverages have been in use for cultural rites, religious and on social occasions.<br> The use of alcohol constitutes a problem of major proportions in many societies today. Amaraegbu (1994) stated that alcohol to many people is a common source of enjoyment, individual, families and groups use it as well. However, alcohol is a depressant. It is a drug, one of the most commonly abused of contemporary society.<br> Alexander et al (2001) holds that alcohol has become harmful to the physical and mental health of the individual as well as interpersonal relationship and his socio-economic functionary. Tunner (1987) opined that, "Alcoholism is a chronic progressive disease". According to Anderson (1966), alcoholism is more than bad habit. It is a condition that affects millions of people and robs society of much power. He further contended that alcoholism is a kidney disease and many consequently result to death. Babtunde Alo-vanqham, a reputable psychologist on February (1999) defined Alcoholism as "a disorder of the personality". And disorder of the personality entails a state of impairment of mental emotional functions. The mental impairment of course as would be expected, involves the intellectual facilities of which the faculty memory is very prominent.<br> Williams (1976) writing on the content of alcohol, emphasized that methanol alcohol content produces blindness in some individuals, embarrassment, spurs crime and causes acute damage to brain. In fact, alcohol has been a consumable item in the society lay, but our body does not tolerate the chemical elements in most alcohol drinks or beverages.<br> Smoking<br> Alexander et al (2001) defined tobacco as substance made from leaves of a species of plant that contains a poisonous element called “nicotine".<br> Awake (2005) stated that, cigarette smoke consist of over 4000 chemicals of these chemicals 43 are known to cause cancer". Among them are cyanide, benzene etc. Cigarette smoking also contains nitrogen-oxide and carbon-monoxide, both are poisonous gases with nicotine as main active ingredient.<br> Dotson, Robertson & Tuchfeld (1975) opined that habitual licking of cigarette lead to the accumulation of nicotine and its attendant health problems. He further stated those different branches of tobacco (cigarette) such as Benson and Hedges, Camel, St Moritz, Pall Mall Dorchester, Aspen, Rothmans, Marlboro and a host of others are on in shops and market places. People smoke with reckless abandon anywhere, whenever the urge arouses them. Gonzalez, Reynolds, & Skewes (2011) said that, some of the staff and majority of students are popular smokers. It is quite uncalled for and one of the ugliest sights one sees in our higher institutions where young girls smoke and ooze out smoke through their nostrils. For these girls, whatever a man can do, woman can even do extra-ordinarily.<br> The director General of the World Health Organization (WHO) Stated that "a cigarette is a cleverly crafted product that delivers just the right amount of nicotine to keep its users addiction for life before killing the person" (Awake, 2010).<br> Effects and Dangers of Alcoholism and Smoking<br> Pascavella, Goodman, & Witt (2007) write that a cardinal issue is the repercussions of abuse. Apart from the psycho-social effect like tragic accidents, untimely death, juvenile delinquency, alienation, increase crime, lack of self confidence, violence as well as the peredicament of reduce economic productivity also faced with what is yarded in the medical parlance as shallow breathing, coma convulsion, bizarre, fatigue, paranoia, psychosis, irritability illusion, euphoria etc.<br> All these he said, are as a result of the administration of smoke, alcohol and other drugs. Still on the issues, Adeniyi in a drug free seminar organized by "Drug free club" Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri chapter on 25th May 2000 that:- Drug abuse in schools is inimical to academic performance and intellectual development It blocks meaningful use of time, energy and creative thinking. It destroys a person's ambition to become great, thereby making him unproductive and a liability to the society.<br> In addition, case of arson, assassination, kidnapping, rape, and burglary that takes place in our institutions are often drug induced. Aves and property on the campuses are been destroyed while people with fear of being attacked by drug users and cultists. He concluded that school environment is being threatened by the drug scourge thereby making it unconducive for effective teaching and learning. Alcohol reduces the appetites so that heavy drinkers eat poorly. Furthermore, the chronic alcohol often does not have the money purchase adequate diet whenever they are out of job and spend what they have on alcohol. Chronic alcoholics as well as a high incidence of hepatic, neurologic, gastrointestinal and cardinal disorder.<br> On the issue of smoking, Iloba (1987) affirmed that a study in Europe showed that tobacco smoking dries the brain, dims sight, vitiate the smell, hurt the stomach, disturbs the humor, trembling of the limbs, ruins the liver, reduces athletic velocity and causes the blood to be adjusted. According to Awake (2006) reported that in twenty years time, care is not taken, smoking will be the world's number one causes of id disability, killing more people than Aids, tuberculosis, mortality and homicide. <br> Control of Alcoholism and Smoking<br> It is quite clear that every individual possesses freedom of “individuality" and "self decision making". But it must not be at the expense of others; for where ones freedom ends, is where another person tins. It has been known that fumes of smoke affect non-smokers. Brook, Balka, Whiteman (1999) opined that "some students Loke to inconvenience their fellow students who are serious with one thing or the other; as well they use their smoking to distract unnecessarily. In order to save the lives of smokers and alcoholics and the society of unwarranted lost, philosopher Cicero observed that, "the welfare of people should be the supreme law" (salus populi supreme est lox). Therefore in 1988, World Health Organization (WHO) declared May 31st of every year as Worlds "No Smoking Day". Also on July 13th 1990 the Federal Government of Nigeria through the ministry of justice came out with a tobacco smoking control Decree 20, which makes it a serious offence for one to smoke in a cinema, medical establishments, Nursing institutions, office, stadium and schools within the country (Cook, & Moore (1993). As a penalty the decree holds that anyone who contravenes that law will be liable on conviction, to a fine or not less than one month imprisonment and not exceeding or two years or both.<br> Health professionals (William Dicicco and Unter Berger) viewed alcohol education as a valuable modality in the primary prevention of alcohol problems they propounded. Alcohol Behaviour inventory (ABI) that would measure the drinking severity and the severity of alcohol related behaviour of university students and to develop and evaluate a presentation of alcohol instructional model (AIM) upon school related behaviour of university students (Health Education Nov/Dec, 1997). Furthermore, Chatteji & Desimone (2005) in his study of alcoholism and addiction stated that "Alcoholism is equivalent to suicide". They continued that there is also no increase in proportion an alcoholic who both attempt and complete suicide when compared with non-alcoholics.<br> To call in the question of prevention and eradication of drug abuse as well as controls comes in a number of programmes, especially the educational programmes on drug abuse and narcotics, such as health education, medical care, counseling, vocational, rehabilitation, general drugs treatment and detoxication. The Federal Government of Nigeria in its responsibility towards eradication exploration as well as demand, possession, consumption and Enforcement Agency, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).<br> Finally, in its endeavour to educate the Nigeria public on the hazardous effects of cigarette smoking, the Federal Ministry of health warns that tobacco smoking is dangerous to Health. As well smokers are liable to die young (Statesman, Saturday July 12, 1994). Many have died of drug abuse, alcoholism and smoking disease. History remembers them but nature will not weep for them.<br> Reasons why Peoples Indulge in Drugs<br> According to Berge (2015) hold the view that, many students indulge themselves into using of drugs and alcoholism as a result of lasted of popularity, the chief determinant of a youngster, popularity during adolescence is his or her social skills; popular adolescent acts appropriately in the ages of their peers are skilled at perceiving and meeting the needs of others and are confident without being conceited.<br> Berge (2015) added that students who indulge themselves into drug, thought that by being involved in drug, they will be accepted, it makes them friendly, cheerful, good natured, humorous and intelligent while those adolescents or students who rejected show aggression, misconduct, delinquent, acting out self centered behaviours.<br> Dee & Evans (2003) says that most adolescents who are accepted into the popularity group smile, laugh and have a good time being around each other that is why they saw it necessary to join or indulge themselves in taking drugs, alcohol and smoking. Students or adolescents are motivated towards abusing drug because some parents believes that when children drinks alcoholic beverages it makes then-children look cute and encourage them without knowing that it will get their children into a condition that the family will not be able to control. In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) presented five basic reasons why young ones might be drawn to drugs:-<br> • They want to feel grown-up and make their own decisions.<br> • They want to fit in.<br> • They want to relax and feel good.<br> • They had to take risks and rebel,<br> • They desire to satisfy their curiosity.<br> <br> <br> Bauman & Ennett (1996) defined drug as, substance other than food, which by its chemical nature affects structure and function of living organisms". Some scholars view it as natural and synthetic chemical substances, which can affect the feelings.<br> Based on the above perceptions, Amodu (1994) classified drugs into five basic kinds which includes:-<br> i. Sedates arid Hypnotics (Alcohol, barbiturates and some tranquilizers) these drugs are medically used to reduce anxiety and tension to produce sedateness and sleep.<br> ii. Stimulants:- Amphetamine, cocaine crack, nicotine and caffeine.<br> These are used medically to increase activity and alertness.<br> iii. Hallucinogenic or Hallucination:- Producing illusiongenic and phchodsleptic or mind disturbing drugs as L.S.D (Lysergic Acid Dietary Lamide), marijuana, mescaline etc.<br> iv. Opiates:- Optium -morphine, heroin, methadone these drugs are analgesics or pain-killers.<br> v. Chemical substances abused which are organic solvent. But many drugs are illegal and extremely dangerous. In other words, legal drugs such as alcohol, tobacco and prescription medication can be dangerous if misused.<br> Desimone & Wolaver (2005) holds that drugs use can cause damage to the health, trouble with the law, financial hardship and social difficulties. Desimone et al (2005) cited that "the habit of using alcohol and smoking is usually acquired through personal contact". While some students are influenced by associating with others who are already addicted to the habit of smoking, alcoholism or both, others indulge merely for the thrill or excitement.<br> As matter of fact, students from homes where parents smokes or drink, see drinking and alcoholism as a way of life, and end up imitate their parents (Laoye 1989). However, Heckman & Hotz (2006) points out that alcoholism sometimes runs in families, but there is evidence that the tendency is actually inherited.<br> Furthermore, Duarte, Escario & Molina (2006) cited that some people especially youths indulge in drugs just to feel like part of the crowd. He expressed the views that in many cases people start using drugs because their friends are using drugs. But being part of a crowd that uses drugs is asking for trouble, he concluded.<br> Factors that Motivate People Towards to Abuse Drugs<br> In Nigeria, drug use has been part of our socio-health inheritance. It is often asked why do people use and abuse drugs or alcohol and smoking? Some individuals feel that self-medication to drug abuse and may result in drug addiction if not checked in good time.<br> Onuzuike (1998) was of the view that, drugs are abused when taken excessively, improperly or persistently without doctor's prescription. Additionally, drugs can be misused when they are for what they are not prescribed for. In Onuzuike (1998), Martin (1977), Ama (1993) identified such conditions to include:-<br> i. If drugs are obtained illegally.<br> ii. If use of the drugs may be harmful to the individuals or society or both.<br> iii. If one takes drug above the stipulated doses, one behave under the influence of drugs.<br> World Health Organization (WHO 1993) and Ama (1993) emphasized the following as factors that predispose students towards abusing drugs, alcoholism and smoking. <br> These are the factors;-<br> 1. Parental influence<br> 2. Peer group influence<br> 3. Social pathologies<br> 4. Emotional imbalance<br> 5. Economic depression<br> Also Ogwudire (1987) outlined the reasons why adolescents take alcoholic or cigarette as:-<br> 1. To deny reality and escape from tension and worries.<br> 2. In order to rebel against social constraints such as parental control.<br> 3. Curiosity and experimentation with peer groups<br> 4. Peer pressure and the urge to conform to peer ideals in order to be acceptable.<br> 5. Indulgence arising from past years of active drug usage.<br> In the same vein, Desimone et al (2005) affirmed that cigarette and alcoholic advertisement on television, radio, newspaper, magazines can make them appear attractive to most people especially teenagers they are easily manipulated by clever and unscrupulous advertising technique. The United Nations commission on Narcotics drugs in 1997 warned that in many countries synthetic drugs have become part of "mainstream consumer culture" and that they must be viewed as a "formidable trait" to international society in the next century. And with good reasons, at a recent United Nation Conference, Nasser Bin Hamad Al-khalifa Quarter warned "the global village is about to become a communal for millions of human being as a result of illicit drugs (Awake, 1999).<br> Theoretical Framework<br> Alcohol Expectancy Theory Vroom (1994)<br> The Alcohol expectancy theory was propounded by Vroom (1964). This theory refers to the anticipated behavioural, cognitive, and affective consequences of drinking. They are individual's expectations about the effects that alcohol consumption will have on him or her. Alcohol expectancy theory relies heavily on behavioural explanations of drinking, and social influences such as family, peers, and modeling of alcohol use. Subsequent research has demonstrated that alcohol expectancies influence drinking patterns across a number of populations, including children, adolescents, college students, and alcoholics. That is, a child's beliefs about the effects of alcohol predict his or her consumption later in life.<br> Gateway Drug Theory (GDT) Pudney (2002) <br> Drug Theory (GDT). This theory is propounded by Pudney (2002). The GDT is a proclamation that the use of less harmful substances may lead to a future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs and crime.<br> Paschall & Freisthler (2003) noted that expectancies are considered to be an important determinant of behaviour. These theories presuppose reasons why young people drink. The university environment is free and young people often use substance to reassure themselves that they are able to express their freedom, some for the first time in their lives. Many adolescents use alcohol experimentally, sometimes frequently and sometimes consuming multiple drinks per occasion, without engaging in other problem behaviours or experiencing immediate negative consequences (Renna, 2008). It is a popular belief and equally a strong conviction among higher education students that the university is a place of freedom. Youths who are exposed to or who observe adults who drink and smoke may want to experiment to see how it feels (Williams, Powell & Wechersler, 2003). If intervention is not quickly provided, this may signal the beginning of drug use and subsequently drug abuse and dependence.<br> In a study, Adelekan, Abiodun, Obayan, Oni and Ogunremi (1992) found that most commonly used substances with their lifetime prevalence rates were salicylate analgesics (95.2%), alcohol (77%), stimulants (69.2%), antibiotics (63.3%) and cigarettes (37.4%). The use and abuse of alcohol has implications on the health status of students in schools, for instance, it is the cause of many social and health problems, such as increase in crime rate and high proportion of accidental injury. The thrust of this study is to determine the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and substance use among undergraduates in Nigerian universities.<br> Empirical Review <br> This section will review some empirical works that have been done on areas related to this study.<br> Federick & Shalarin (2013) carried out a research work focused on the "Assessment of Alcohol and substance use among undergraduates in selected private universities in south west Nigerian”.<br> The use of alcohol dates back to time immemorial. The use of alcohol and other substances such as cannabis, nicotine, ecstasy and other amphetamines among students in tertiary institutions is widespread. Use of alcohol and other substances has negative effects both on its user and the society at large; hence, the urgent need to identify factors that contribute to the continued use of these drugs. 431 students between ages 15 and 25 (n=431, mean=18.7 (+/-2.3 years) were randomly selected from four private tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria. An adapted and validated version of the World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire on drug use surveys was employed for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Amongst the respondents, cigarette smoking (81%) and alcohol (72%) use had the highest prevalence followed by use of coffee, energy drinks and kolamit (69%). Past and current use of alcohol occurred more among the males. There was no significant contribution of parental use. There is need for urgent public health preventive intervention on our campuses. More educational campaigns on the negative consequences of alcohol and substance use is advocated. The use of alcohol and other substances poses a grave challenge to the future of our future generations. It should be discouraged by all.<br> Likezo (2015) conducted a research on the "Gendered perspective of smoking and drinking behaviour among pupils at Serianga School". The purpose of the study was to explore alcohol consumption and smoking behaviours from a gendered and non-gendered perspective among pupils and Senanga High School. Self-report questionnaires were administered to 222 pupils mean age 17.4 ± SD 1.5. In addition, in-depth interviews with 12 pupils who were identified to be smokers and used alcohol were conducted. Data was further collected from one focus group discussion with housemasters. Qualitative data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis (QDA). Valid questionnaires were entered into a SPSS database software version 17. Noting the nature of the research questions and the answers that were sought, descriptive statistics and chi square tests of independence to assess associations among key theoretical and demographical variables were done. Null hypotheses were rejected when p < 0.05. More pupils n=190 (85.6%) had an experience of taking alcohol as compared to n=95 (42.8%) who have had an experience with smoking. The frequency of smoking was significantly higher p = 0.02 among boys than among girls. Prevalence of beer unlike smoking increased with age (p < 0:001) in both sexes. An association does not exist between being male or female and taking alcohol p= 0.687. There was no significant association between smoking and attachment as assumed by Bandura's social learning theory. However the non-gendered reasons for smocking were: adverts, lack of strict laws, economic status of the parents, ease of access of alcohol, cigarettes and cannabis poor monitoring and Supervision in the schools and group influence. The gendered reasons for smocking or consuming alcohol varied but they could be grouped as stereotypical motives which could be typical masculine or feminine motives, atypical masculine motives and mutual cross cutting motives. This information can be useful for subsequent school campaigns aimed at reducing or preventing substance abuse, because they can be focused on sensitive areas instead of on general information. As prevention is easier than changing acquired habits, the researcher suggests that educating children about alcohol should start from the beginning of elementary school and continued through all the years of schooling. <br> <br> <br> <br> Summary<br> The literature review for the study focused on three main heading: The conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical studies.<br> The literature also revealed an increase of death from accident, violent, social ills and crime. All have been traced to the activities of those under the influence of drugs, alcoholism and smoking in schools and society. In view of these, gradual withdrawal and guidance authorities, like adequate monitoring of students' behaviour within the school and authorities will help curtail the problems of drug among students in higher institutions.<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> CHAPTER THREE<br> Methodology<br> This chapter was discussing the procedure that was adopted in carrying out this study. It will focus on the: Research Design, Area of the Study, Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrument for Data Collection, Validation of Instrument, Administration of Instrument, Method of Data Analysis.<br> Research Design<br> The research design that was adopted for this study is the descriptive survey design. This was used to investigate an existing phenomenon in the society educational sector. The choice of this design is justified because it enabled the researcher to obtain firsthand information from the representative sample of the entire population.<br> Area of the Study<br> This research was conducted in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of education, Owerri, Imo State. The school is located along Orlu road beside Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri. Alvan Ikoku Federal College Education offers NCE and Degree programme and post graduate and Post Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE). The college has about five schools which entail school of natural sciences, school of arts, school of education, school of vocational and technical education and school of social sciences.<br> The institution is governed by an administrative council which is headed by a Provost who oversees the affairs of the college. The management team comprises the Provost, the Deputy Provost, the Registrar, the Librarian and the Bursar. Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education is made up of both academic and non-academic staff and students of the college. The medical centre is being run under the National Health Insurance scheme to make the services affordable to the students and staff of the college.<br> Population of the Study<br> The population of the study comprised all the degree students in Economics Department, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri.<br> <br> Table 3.1 Population of the Study <br> Levels Total Numbers<br> 1st Year 120<br> 2nd Year 80<br> 3rd Year 146<br> 4™ Year 186<br> Total 532<br> Source: HOD’s Office Economics (2023).<br> Sample and Sampling Technique<br> Simple random sampling technique was used to select 532 students as sample of the study. This means that 50% of the population of the students in the Departments of Economics, will form the sample size. The sample size that was drawn from the above is displayed as follows:<br> Table 3.2 Sample Population <br> Levels Total Numbers Sample Size 50%<br> 1st Year 120 60<br> 2nd Year 80 40<br> 3rd Year 146 73<br> 4™ Year 186 93<br> Total 532 266<br> Source: Fieldwork (2023)<br> Instruments for Data Collection<br> For the purpose of this study, and in consideration of the source of information, the researcher adopted the questionnaire for the collection of information.<br> The questionnaire was divided into two parts, part (A) contained personal data of respondent while part (B) contained information on research questions.<br> Validation of Instrument <br> The instrument for the study was given to my Supervisor and two experts in Measurement and Evaluation for content and face validation. <br> Administration of the Instruments<br> The researcher was distributed the questionnaire to all the respondents and guided them on how to fill the forms where necessary. The researcher waited and collected the questionnaire back on the spot. <br> <br> <br> <br> Method of Data Analysis<br> The questionnaire was prepared in 4 likert points via: Strongly Agree, Agree Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage.<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> CHAPTER FOUR<br> DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS<br> This chapter is concerned with the presentation of data collected in the course of the investigation. This chapter equally shows the analysis of data and its results. The data analysis and interpretation have objectively been designed to test the formulated research questions. The total number of three hundred and eighty (380) copies of questionnaire were been distributed and returned which was basically used for analysis.<br> Research Question 1<br> What influence does alcohol and smoking have on the attitude and efforts of-students' studies in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri?<br> S/N Questionnaire Items VHE HE LE VLE Total Mean Decision<br> 1. Alcohol smokers spend much of their time smoking and drinking instead of studying 160<br> 640 60<br> 180 40<br> 80 6<br> 6 266<br> 866 3.3 <br> 2. Alcoholics, smokers cannot react without drinking or smoking. 162<br> 648 58<br> 174 38<br> 76 8<br> 8 266<br> 906 3.40 <br> 3. Smoking and drinking has made some students study slowly during exam period. 150<br> 450 61<br> 181 50<br> 100 5<br> 5 266<br> 736 2.77 Accepted <br> 3.3 + 3.40 + 2.77 = 9.47 = 3.16<br> 3 3<br> Source: Field work (2023) <br> <br> From table 4.1 above shows grand mean of 3.16 is greater than the criterion mean of 2.5 and we accepted that alcohol and smoking have great influence on the attitudes and efforts of students studies in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. <br> Research Question 2<br> How do smokers perform in their assignments, test and examination in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri?<br> Table 4.2: Responses on how smokers perform in their assignment, test, and examination in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. <br> S/N Questionnaire Items VHE HE LE VLE Total Mean Decision<br> 1. Smoking and alcohol help student to remember important facts during test and examinations. 15<br> 60 20<br> 60 28<br> 56 203<br> 203 266<br> 376 1.4 <br> 2. Students relax their mental state and do assignment very well when they smoke. 50<br> 200 70<br> 210 21<br> 42 125<br> 125 266<br> 577 2.17 <br> 3. Smoking helps students to obey school rules 15<br> 60 6<br> 18 140<br> 240 105<br> 219 266<br> 537 2.02 Rejected <br> Grand mean = 1.4 + 2.17 + 2.02 = 5.59 = 1.86<br> 3 3 <br> Source: Fieldwork (2023)<br> <br> <br> Table 4.2 above shows that the grand mean of 1.86 is less than the criterion mean of 2.5 and we therefore rejected that smokers perform well in their assignments tests and examinations. <br> Research Question 3<br> How does students who abuse alcohol regularly do not attend lectures and pay attention to class work?<br> Table 4.3: Responses on if students who abuse alcohol regularly attend lectures and pay attention to class work. <br> S/N Questionnaire Items VHE HE LE VLE Total Mean Decision<br> 1. Those who take alcohol take their studies seriously and never miss lecture 187<br> 748 50<br> 150 20<br> 40 9<br> 9 266<br> 947 3.6 <br> 2. Smokers and those who consume alcohol sleep often in class. 170<br> 680 40<br> 80 36<br> 72 20<br> 20 260<br> 852 3.2 <br> 3. Smokers and alcoholics are always disobedient and disrespectful to lecturers. 166<br> 664 40<br> 120 30<br> 60 30<br> 30 266<br> 874 3.3 Accepted <br> Grand Total = 3.6 + 3.2 +3.3 = 10.1 = 3.67<br> 9 3<br> Source: Fieldwork (2023)<br> <br> <br> <br> Table 4.3 above shows that the grand mean of 3.67 is greater than the criterion mean of 2.50 and we accepted lectures and pay attention in class work. <br> Research Question 4<br> What effects do alcohol and smoking have on students’ life?<br> Table 4.4: Responses on the effect of alcohol and smoking on students’ life. <br> S/N Questionnaire Items VHE HE LE VLE Total Mean Decision<br> 1. Smokers and alcoholics are rapists and robbers 130<br> 520 80<br> 240 50<br> 100 6<br> 6 266<br> 866 3.26 <br> 2. Smokers and alcoholics belong to secret cults. 150<br> 450 70<br> 210 28<br> 56 8<br> 8 266<br> 724 2.72 <br> 3. They spend excessively in drinks and cigarette which make them to lack money 153<br> 612 76<br> 228 30<br> 60 7<br> 7 266<br> 907 3.41 Accepted <br> Grand mean = 3.26 + 2.72 +3.41 = 9.39 = 3.13<br> 3 3<br> Source: Fieldwork (2023)<br> <br> Table 4.4 above shows that the grand mean of 3.13 is greater than the criterion mean of 2.50 and we accepted that smokers and alcoholics are rapists, robbers belong to secrete societies and spend excessively on drinks.<br> CHAPTER FIVE<br> DISCUSSION OP FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATION OF STUDY, RECOMMENDATION, EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION OFTHE STUDY, SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES<br> <br> This chapter deals with interpretations and discussions of findings of the study, the implications of the results, conclusion recommendations based on the findings made in the course of the research.<br> Discussion of Findings<br> Research Question 1: What influence do alcohol and smoking have on the attitude and efforts of students studies in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri?<br> A very significant number responded positively that there are adverse influences which alcohol consumptions and smoking have on students' personal studies in the area of study.<br> According to responses from questionnaire items depicted the following facts:<br> That some students do consume alcohol (beer) up to 2-4 bottles daily. Some students do smoke and could take up to 4-6 sticks of cigarette daily. Drunkenness definitely affects students' personal studies.<br> Some students get drunk after drinking. Sometimes, they experience hunger effect from so much drunkenness.<br> Adeniyi (2005) in a drug free seminar organized by "Drug free club" at Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri Chapter on 25th May, stated that drug, smoking and alcohol consumption obstruct meaningful use of personal time, energy and creative thinking. It can then inferred based on the majority of respondents that there are certain adverse effects which alcohol and smoking pose against students of Alvan Ikoku Federal, College of Education, Owerri towards their personal studies. <br> Research Question 2: How do smokers perform in their assignments, test and examination in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education?<br> The negative responses shows that smoking does not in any way help students to perform well in assignments, test and examinations rather, it exposes them to state of confusion, sometimes increases lack of self-confidence which leads to examination malpractice.<br> Research Question 3: Do students who abuse alcohol regularly attend lectures and pay keen attention to class work? <br> The researcher discovered that alcoholics do not attend lectures regularly and consequently mis-unannounced continuous assessment test, sometimes given by lecturers. Again, if referred to the wider society, alcoholics do not pay attention to the discussion at meetings and constitute objects of distraction or nuisance to the environment. That is why drinks are served last after discussions on relevant issues in community meetings.<br> Research Question 4: What effects do alcohol and smoking have on students' life?<br> This was revealed in summary table of questionnaire item, which stated that, the respondents responded positively by saying alcohol and smoking have adverse effects on the students' social life. For social life, it found that the breakdown of rules and regulations, embarrassment if school authorities including students' unrest and violence on our campuses especially secret cult activities are mainly as a result of alcohol consumption, drug use and smoking.<br> In addition, Adeniyi (2005) opined that drug smoking and alcohol consumption obstruct meaningful use of personal time, energy and creative thinking. He further stated that drugs destroy person's ambition to become great, thereby making him unproductive and a liability to the society. <br> Summary<br> This research topic which is a study on the effects of alcohol and smoking on the academic achievement of students in higher institutions, a case study Alvan lkoku Federal College of Education, Owerri was conducted to find out the problem that was associated with it. Then, the main purpose is to find out those things that made the students to engage in alcohol and smoking, parental influence, peer group influence, emotional imbalance, economic depression, want to fit in the system, want to satisfy their community and to take risk and rebel were among the causes. In chapter two, articles which were written in magazine and newspapers base on the related topic were reviewed.<br> Methodology investigates into the effects of alcohol and smoking on the academic achievements of students in higher institutions using Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. In chapter four, data were analyzed to find out different views of people based on alcohol. The analysis was that the students that were involved in alcohol and smoking are prone to problems like raping, killing, examination malpractice, joining cults and disobeying the rules and regulations in the school. In chapter five, interpretation was done on the findings and it was found out that students that engage in alcohol and smoking in higher institutions do not do well in the examinations, break bounds and laws thereby causing problems. If government will encourage the national orientation agencies to create wider enlightenment and awareness campaign, the effects of alcohol and smoking on students and society at large will minimize. Also, there 'should be adequate supply of first rate psychologists and counselors to educate our students at various levels of education about the dangers of alcohol and smoking. Furthermore, the government should make provision for compulsory lessons or course on the dangers of alcohol and smoking on the curriculum of all the strata or our educational system as a drug education. The researcher made suggestion for further study. Some of them was that further research will still be carried on some areas that were not carried by this study. <br> Conclusions<br> Therefore, it has been discovered that there are students who smoke and consume alcohol in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri. This habit is very dangerous as it affects the education, social, health and economic prospects of the students and the society in general. Therefore, all hands must be on desk to save the lives of our youths who are future leaders of our nation and the world at large. <br> Finally, those interested in this work should bear in mind that the findings of this research work is by no means conclusive. Therefore, the case study is still open to further studies.<br> <br> <br> <br> Limitation of the Study<br> The researcher encountered some shortcomings and limitations while searching for materials for this study. Firstly, insufficient return of the instrument (questionnaire) by the students, some of them did not return the questionnaire given to them. I also encountered problem in my samples because along the line, I discovered that the numbers of questionnaire sample were not enough for the students I chose. I discovered that almost all the students in the class wanted to fill the questionnaire, but it was not enough to go round.<br> Finally, I also had limitation on the instrument for data collection, some of the students I gave the questionnaire found it difficult to read and understand, they felt that I was just intruding into their personal lives. They saw it as mockery or making fun of them. Some even lamented before me and there were many rejections by the students. Also, there were many deficiencies which I cannot articulate. Regardless of all these shortcomings, I tried to carry out the study and procured current information. <br> <br> Recommendations<br> As a panacea and antidote to the effects of alcohol and smoking on the academic achievement of students in higher institutions with particular reference to the Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, the following recommendations were made:<br> 1. Government should enforce "Decree 20" (Tobacco smoking control and sanctions) on consumption dependency and misuse of alcohol and cigarette in cinema, medical institutions, offices, stadium, fuel stations and schools.<br> 2. The curriculum of all the strata of our educational system, primary, secondary and higher institutions should have provisions for compulsory lessons or course on alcohol and smoking as well as drug education.<br> 3. There should be sample supply of first rate psychologist and counselors at various level of education to attend to schools properly because many have been lost.<br> 4. At the family level, the indication of good moral values into the children right from childhood is necessary. Parents should lead by showing good examples and train their children at infancy very well. They should be taught not to consume alcohol or smoke at all.<br> 5. Recreational facilities should be provided in schools to make sure that students enjoy their leisure, so as to prevent their minds from wandering towards unhealthy deviant practices.<br> 6. Government should encourage National Orientation Agencies to create wider enlightenment and awareness campaign on the effects of alcohol and smoking on the people and society.<br> 7. The government should control the production of cigarette and drinks that contain alcohol.<br> 8. All academics such as teachers, doctors, lawyers, counselors, engineers, public relation officers and civil servants should abstain from chronic alcohol consumption and smoking since they are models to the students.<br> <br> <br> <br> Educational Implications of the Study<br> The findings of the study have clear implications for the students, parents, school authorities, government and society. For school authorities, there should be provision for compulsory lessons on causes and dangers of smoking and alcohol consumption in the curriculum in all the strata of educational system as a drug education. If government should enforce "Decree 20" (Tobacco smoking control) and sanctions on consumption dependency and mis-use of alcohol and cigarette in the cinema, medical institutions, offices, stadium, fuel stations and schools, the problem will be solved. The government should provide recreational facilities and make sure that students enjoy their leisure so as to prevent their minds from wandering towards unhealthy deviant practices. Thus, with regards to health conditions of students in particular and the society in general, alcohol and smoking reduces appetite thereby making smokers and drinkers eat poorly which sometimes leads to dizziness, tiredness, and restlessness.<br> According to Williams (1997) stated that the content of alcohol, noting that its contents produces blindness in some individuals and cause acute damage to the brain.<br> Suggestions for Further Studies<br> The researcher still has the believe that some other people are still going to continue from where the researcher stopped. The following suggestions are hereby proffered.<br> • It should be noted that some people are careless.<br> • There should be enough questionnaires which will be sufficient for analysis.<br> • There should be different instrument for data collection apart from these ones used, to see if the result will be the same.<br> • Provision of two sets of questionnaires should be made available, one for the students and the other for lecturers.<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> REFERENCES<br> Ama, O. (1993) 'Students Abstinence from Drugs" Healthy Living PP.3.<br> Amaraegbu, P. (1994) "The Scourge of Alcoholism" Guardian, July 24.<br> Anderson, E. (1996) Alcoholism and Its Effect New York: Macmillan Company Ltd.<br> Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (1998) edited by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds and E.M, Tansey 2nd ed. Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-0396-0.<br> Babatunde, A.V. (1993). "Problem of Alcoholism", Daily Times Newspaper October 28.<br> Babatunde, A.V. (1994)". Alcoholism and Memory Loss". Daily Times Newspaper, February 3.<br> Bahei, L. (2000) "How You Can Quit Smoking" Benin City: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society: March 22.<br> Ball, K. (1986) Smoking Spells Death for Millions: World Health Forum: Vol.1. WHO, Geneva,<br> Darnel, Denison (1997) Health Education: New York: State Research Institute on Alcohol.<br> Phillips, J.E. (1983) "African Smoking Pipes." The Journal of African History 24 (3): 302-31 9. JS TOR 181897.<br> Smoke, A Global History of Smoking (2004) Edited by Sander L, Oilman and Zhou Xun ISBN 1 -861 89-200-4.<br> <br> Questionnaire <br> Department of Economics <br> Alvan Ikoku University of<br> Education, Owerri <br> P.M.B. 1033 <br> Imo State, Nigeria. <br> Dear Respondents,<br> I am a final year student of the above mentioned Department and School. <br> I wish to carry out a research, to find out Effect of alcohol and smoking on the academic achievement of economics students, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri.<br> I humbly solicit for your support in completing the questionnaire. <br> Thanks for your cooperation.<br> Yours faithfully, <br> <br> <br> Researcher <br> Keke Chiemeka Christiantus <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Please tick good () in the appropriate answer of your choice Key.<br> SA Strongly Agree<br> A Agree<br> D Disagree<br> SD Strongly Disagree<br> School:......................................................................<br> Level:........................................................................<br> Sex: Male Female<br> Research Question One: What influence do alcohol and smoking have on the study habits of the students of Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri? <br> S/N QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS SA A D SD<br> 1 Alcohol smokers spend much of their time smoking and drinking instead of studying. <br> 2 Alcoholics, smokers cannot react without drinking or smoking. <br> 3 Smoking and drinking has made some students study slowly during exam period. <br> 4 Excessive drinking/ smoking affects the mental stability of some students toward reading. <br> 5 Drunkenness contributes to procrastination in a course of study <br> Research Question Two: What violent crimes and vices do students who take alcohol and smokes get themselves involved?<br> S/N QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS SA A D SD<br> 1 Smoking and alcohol help student to remember important facts during test and examinations. <br> 2 Students relax their mental state and do assignment very well when they smoke. <br> 3 Smoking helps students to obey school rules. <br> <br> Research Question Three: To what extent do students who get involved in alcohol and smoking violate the school rules and regulations?<br> S/N QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS SA A A SA<br> 1 Those who take alcohol take their studies seriously and never miss lectures <br> 2 Smokers and those who consume alcohol sleep often in class. <br> 3 Smokers and alcoholics are always disobedient and disrespectful to lecturers. <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Research Question Four: What various measures can be taken to reduce the spate of alcoholism and taking of hard drugs in our Nigerian tertiary institutions?<br> S/N QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS SA A D SD<br> 1 Smokers and alcoholics commit rape and robbery. <br> 2 Smokers and alcoholics belong to secret cults. <br> 3 They spend excessively in drinks and cigarette which make them to lack money. <br> 4 They got so addicted and intoxicated and behave abnormally.

The role of the media can never be overlooked in any political system. The role is more compounded in a conflict situation when the media must provide information on the crisis. The paper looked into the various roles of the media in a system that is dominated by security challenges The use of content analysis of secondary sources from published books, journals, efficial documents, newspapers and magazines was employed in this work. The paper makes a conceptual clarification of the concepts of mass media and security. The paper discussed security situation in Nigeria and the role being played by the media. The paper concludes that respective of the security threat to the lives of the media practitioners, the media must perform its duties without fear or favour The paper finally makes some recommendations which include freedom of the press must be guaranteed to avoid intimidation, security personnel should work with the media to protect them against security risk, the media should guide against publishing stories that can heat up the polity and the freedom of information act should be utilized

ABSTRACT<br> Prevalence of typhoid fever among patient within the 0-10,11-20,20-30,31-40,40 to above was carried out within GIDAUNIYAR ALHERI PRIMARY HEALTH CARE,kano state.The typhoid fever,also known as(enteric fever)is a bacterial infection due to salmonella typhoid that cause symptoms of typhoid.The method used in diagnosis of the disease was widal test,A widal test is a quick procedures to diagnose typhoid fever,It only requires a patients serum and somw reagent to detect this fever.The data was collected from the recorded department of the outgoing result of widal cases in the laboratory section of the hospital taking into consideration,the total population of the infected by age and sex of the patients was 100,it has been shown that the highest percentage of the infected patients(77%)while<br> <br> (23%)are non infected out of 100 reported cases,the female were more infected than the male 34% and also patient that start from 21-30yrs are more infected with 27%over the others.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of inducing testicular atrophy using an olive oil and calcium gluconate combination in bucks. The objectives were to assess the treatment's effectiveness in causing testicular shrinkage, identify any potential complications, and determine if calcium gluconate enhanced the efficacy of olive oil. The results, presented as mean ± standard deviation, demonstrated significant testicular atrophy in the treatment group. Horizontal measurements showed a significant reduction (p0.01). The study concludes that the olive oil and calcium gluconate combination is an effective and safe non-surgical method for chemical castration in bucks, producing significant testicular atrophy without complications. These findings support its potential as a viable alternative for livestock owners and animal healthcare providers. Further research is recommended to conduct histological analyses and to explore the application of this method in other animal species.