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Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Kwara State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-3028363631778953405
IMPACT OF DIGITAL BANKING ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND CUSTOMER SATISTFACTION IN KWARA STATE.IMPACT OF DIGITAL BANKING ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND CUSTOMER SATISTFACTION IN KWARA STATE.
Halimot Adejoke Zulgurnain · BSc · accounting
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With a sincere heart, I am highly thankful to God Almighty for giving me the privilege to excel in my efforts to complete this project work on time. I am wholeheartedly grateful to my supervisor MR UMAR HUSSEIN for his fatherly advice and guidance. I also want to express my profound gratitude to my adoring and indispensable parent ALHAJI & MRS ZULQURNAIN who have always been there to support, encourage, advice and pray for me, also to my siblings (Brother Muhammed and Abdul Jawad),and my to be (Ayobami Idris) I really appreciate you for your effort in making sure I excel in all my endeavors. Lastly, I want to thank my Head of Department PROF. MUSTAPHA ABDULRAZAQ, my distinguished lecturers and friends who were part of this great success may God bless you all. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page i Approval page ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Content v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 5 1.3 Research Questions 8 1.4 Research Objectives 9 1.5 Research Hypotheses 9 1.6 Justification of the study 10 1.7 Scope of the study 12 1.8 Organization of the study 12 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conceptual Review 13 2.1.1 Digital Banking 13 2.1.2 Behavioral Intention 16 2.1.3 Service Trust 18 2.1.4 Social Influence 19 2.1.5 Technological Literacy 21 2.1.6 Financial Inclusion 23 2.2 Theoretical Review 24 2.2.1 The Systems theory of Financial Inclusion 25 2.2.3 Technology Acceptance Model 28 2.3 Empirical Review 30 2.3.1 Studies in Developed Countries 30 2.3.2 Studies in Developing Countries 35 2.3.3 Studies in Nigeria 39 2.4 Summary and Gaps Identified in Literature 43 2.5 Theoretical Framework 45 2.6 Conceptual Framework 46 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design 48 3.2 Population of the study 48 3.3 Sample Size 48 3.4 Method of Data Collection 50 3.5 Validity and Reliabilty of Research Instruments 51 3.6 Research Instrument 51 3.7 Method of Data Analysis 52 3.8 Model Specification 52 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.0 Introduction 54 4.1 Demographic Characteristic 54 4.2 Behavioral Intention 56 4.3 Service Trust 58 4.4 Social Influence 60 4.5 Technology Literacy 62 4.6 Financial Inclusion 64 4.7 Regression Analysis 65 4.7.1 Normality and Reliability Test 65 4.7.2 Model Summary 67 4.7.3 Anova 71 4.7.4 Summary of Co-efficient 71 4.8 Discussion of Findings 72 CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Introduction 76 5.2 Summary 76 5.3 Conclusion 77 5.4 Recommendation 78 REFERENCES 80 APPENDIX 90 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Digital finance financial inclusion and customer satisfaction have several benefits to financial services users, digital finance providers, governments and the economy. Peterson. K Ozili, (2018), asserted that since 2010, the G-20 and the World Bank have led the initiative for increased financial inclusion in developing countries to help reduce poverty levels in developing and emerging economies. Access to digital technologies allows a wider range of financial services such as online banking, mobile banking etc. The technology has spread internet banking, mobile banking, e-wallets, mobile wallets, and credit and debit cards. It provides several benefits like convenience, easy financial transactions etc. to the customer. However, the threat of cyber-attacks is the red alert which coincides with the evolution of the economy. It seems that while people are getting comfortable with cashless payments, some kind of negative perceptions like security problems, poor network coverage, and lack of merchant willingness, high transactional costs, lack of users‘ knowledge on technology etc. are holding back many from adopting the new system. Digital financial services can be more convenient and affordable than traditional banking services, enabling low-income and poor people in developing countries to save and borrow in the formal financial system, earn a financial return. It is vital to the public as it boosts security for their cash and it’s more convenient compared to keeping money at home traveling with the money. However, Haider H, (2018), opined that the provision of digital finance involves the participation of different players such as banks/financial institutions, mobile network operators, financial technology providers, regulators, agents, chains of retailers and clients. It can eliminate such transaction costs and provide affordable, convenient and secure banking services to poor individuals in developing countries. This forms the basis for the significance of bringing millions of unbanked Nigerian citizens into the financial system and increasing access to financial products and services which has been on the center stage of discussion among scholars and managers of the nation’s economy. Thus, financial inclusion entails delivering financial products and services at affordable prices to less privileged and low-income segments of society. This implies that financial inclusion is about reducing the cost of entry into the financial system (Ozili, 2021) The advent of digital banking technology has transformed the financial landscape, significantly impacting financial inclusion worldwide. Financial inclusion refers to the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services needed by individuals and businesses to participate fully in the economy. This access is critical for economic growth, poverty reduction, and overall development. Digital banking technology, plays a crucial role in enhancing financial inclusion by overcoming traditional barriers to financial access. (Li, 2021) Globally, digital banking technology has dramatically increased financial inclusion by providing convenient, accessible, and affordable financial services. According to the World Bank (2022), about 69% of adults worldwide now have an account with a financial institution or mobile money provider, up from 51% in 2011. This growth is largely attributable to digital banking innovations that enable individuals to perform financial transactions remotely, thus reducing the need for physical bank branches, which are often scarce in rural and underserved areas (World Bank, 2022). Globally, banking services are becoming digital and banking touches every part of human endeavor whether, we are checking our balance, paying for an online purchase, arranging a loan. It is expected the same secured and personalized experience, so it no surprise to hear that delivering a great digital experience is a top priority for today banks. Digitalization of banking services is the delivering of banking services primarily through electronic channels instead physical branches (Johannes, Denise & Vega, 2020). In developed countries, the introduction of digital banking technology has further deepened financial inclusion by enhancing customer convenience and service efficiency. High levels of internet penetration and smartphone usage have facilitated widespread adoption of digital banking services. For instance, in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan, digital banking platforms have revolutionized how customers interact with their banks, allowing for real-time transactions, personalized financial advice, and improved financial management (McKinsey, 2020). This has not only expanded access but also improved the quality of financial services available to the population(McKinsey & Company, 2020) In developing countries, digital banking technology has had a profound impact on financial inclusion by bridging the gap for the unbanked and under banked populations. Mobile banking, in particular, has been a game-changer in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Mobile money services, such as M-Pesa in Kenya, have enabled millions of people to access financial services without the need for traditional banking infrastructure (Mulili, 2022). These services allow users to perform transactions, save money, and access credit through their mobile phones, significantly enhancing financial inclusion. Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy by GDP, presents a unique case for studying the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion. Despite significant economic potential, Nigeria faces considerable challenges in financial inclusion, with a large portion of its population remaining unbanked or under banked. Digital banking technology, driven by mobile banking and fintech innovations, has been instrumental in addressing these challenges. According to the Enhancing Financial Innovation & Access (EFInA) report (2018), the introduction of mobile money and agent banking has substantially increased the number of financially included individuals in Nigeria. However, the adoption and impact of these technologies are influenced by several factors, including behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence. (Li, 2021) Behavioral Intention refers to the willingness of individuals to adopt digital banking technologies. Studies have shown that higher behavioral intention leads to greater adoption of digital banking services, thereby enhancing financial inclusion (Tiong, 2020). Also, Trust in digital banking services is critical for adoption. Service trust encompasses the perceived reliability, security, and privacy of the banking services. Building trust through robust security measures, transparent communication, and reliable service delivery is essential for increasing financial inclusion (Gefen, 2020). Likewise, Social influence pertains to the impact of societal norms and peer pressure on individuals' decision to adopt digital banking technologies. In many communities, particularly in developing countries, recommendations from family, friends, and social networks play a crucial role in influencing individuals' banking choices (Ajen, 2021) The digital banking services are spearheading greater portion of the payment system globally and in Nigeria as well. Digital banking services have diversified from basic money transfer and bill payments to credit, cross-border remittances, savings, bulk disbursements and other value-added services like pay-as-you-go utility bills, and so on (Cracknell 2023). Digital banking technology and financial inclusion have several benefits to financial services users, digital finance providers, governments and the economy. Since 2010, the G-20 and the World Bank have led the initiative for increased financial inclusion in developing countries to help reduce poverty levels in developing and emerging economies (Siano,Raimi, Palazzo & Panait 2020) Digital banking technology has the potential to significantly enhance financial inclusion on a global scale, with varying impacts in developed countries, developing countries, and specifically in Nigeria. Conclusively, by addressing key factors such as behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence, stakeholders can develop strategies to maximize the adoption and impact of digital banking technologies, thereby fostering greater financial inclusion 1.2 Statement of Problem Despite significant advancements in digital banking technology and its potential to enhance financial inclusion, numerous challenges remain that hinder its effective adoption and impact, particularly in developing countries and underserved regions. Financial inclusion is critical for economic development, poverty alleviation, and social equity, yet millions of people around the world remain excluded from formal financial systems. Thus, Trivedi, Patra, Srivastava, Kumar & Ye, ,(2022), affirms that exclusion is often influenced by factors related to behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence, which are critical to the successful adoption and use of digital banking technologies. A lack of understanding or perceived value of these technologies leads to low adoption rates. In many regions, particularly in developing countries, there is a significant gap between awareness and actual usage of digital banking services. This gap is often driven by a perceived complexity or lack of trust in the technology, as well as cultural and educational barriers (Venkatesh, 2020). If individuals do not perceive digital banking as useful or easy to use, their intention to adopt these services remains low, thereby hindering financial inclusion efforts. Service trust is essentially crucial for the adoption of digital banking technologies. Trust issues, including concerns about the security, privacy, and reliability of digital banking platforms, can deter individuals from using these services. In both developed and developing countries, instances of fraud, data breaches, and poor customer service have undermined trust in digital banking systems (Gefen, 2022). Without a high level of trust, even technologically sophisticated banking services may fail to gain traction among potential users, thus limiting their impact on financial inclusion. Also worth noting is the fact that social influence plays a significant role in shaping individuals' attitudes and behaviors towards digital banking. In many communities, especially in developing countries, social norms and peer recommendations are powerful determinants of technology adoption. If influential community members or social networks do not endorse digital banking, or if there is a prevalent skepticism or resistance towards such technologies, their widespread adoption can be severely hampered (Naeem,2020). This social resistance creates an environment where even those who might benefit from digital banking are reluctant to adopt it due to societal pressures(CBN, 2020) Inspite of the potentials of digital banking technology to improving financial inclusion and customer satisfaction, the adoption and effective use of these technologies are significantly hampered by low behavioral intention, lack of service trust, and insufficient social influence. Individuals often exhibit a low willingness to adopt digital banking due to perceived complexity and limited understanding of its benefits. Trust issues, stemming from concerns about security and reliability, further deter potential users. Additionally, societal norms and the lack of positive peer influence create an environment resistant to change. These factors collectively result in continued financial exclusion for millions, particularly in developing countries and underserved regions Finally, review of literature showed that there is dearth of literature relating to effects of digital banking and financial inclusion. While few of the studies from the literaturesreviewed such as(Peterson, 2020, Olena Pakhnenko, 2020, NgwengehBrendaline Beloke 2023) examining digital banking technologies and financial inclusion have concluded that, rigorous quantitative evidence on the nature, magnitude and balance of digital banking technology is still scarce and inconclusive.Addressing these issues is critical for leveraging digital banking technology to achieve greater financial inclusion. Strategies must focus on improving the perceived value and ease of use of digital banking services, building and maintaining trust through robust security measures and transparent practices, and fostering positive social influence through community engagement and endorsements. By tackling these challenges, stakeholders can create an environment conducive to the widespread adoption of digital banking technologies, ultimately fostering financial inclusion and economic development. Consequently, there is a need to investigate the impact of digital banking technology adoption on financial inclusion in Kwara state. 1.3 Research Questions Drawing from the earlier established research problems, the study attempts to provide answers to the following research questions: i. What is the impact of behavioral intention on financial inclusion in Kwara state? ii. What is the effect of service trust on financial inclusion in Kwara state? iii. To what extent does social influence affects financial inclusion in Kwara State? iv. How does technological literacy influence financial inclusion in Kwara State? 1.4 Research Objectives The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are to: i. Examine the impact of behavioral intention on financial inclusion in Kwara state. ii. Evaluate the effect of service trust on financial inclusion in Kwara state. iii. Determine the influence of social influence on financial inclusion in Kwara state. iv. Examine the influence of technological literacy on financial inclusion in Kwara state. 1.5 Research Hypotheses In line with the specific objectives stated earlier, the following research hypotheses were stated in null form in order to answer the research questions and tested empirically to achieve the research objectives of the study: i. Ho1: There is no significant impact between behavioral intention and financial inclusion in Kwara state. ii. Ho2: Service trust does not have significant effect on financial inclusion in Kwara state. iii. Ho3: There is no significant influence between social influence and financial inclusion in Kwara state. iv. Ho4: There is no significant influence between technological literacy and financial inclusion in Kwara state. 1.6 Justification of the study The justification of the research comes from the fact that there are numerous digital banking technology designed to assist access to financial services but little is disclosed on how banksbehavioral intention is driven, service trust to potential customers, social influence and providing technological literacy to customers in order to improve growth, and improve financial inclusion Financial inclusion is a key driver of economic growth and poverty reduction. By enabling access to financial services for the unbanked and under banked populations, digital banking can contribute to greater economic stability and growth in Nigeria, and understanding how digital banking can enhance financial inclusion can guide policymakers and financial institutions in leveraging these technologies effectively. Also, the rapid advancement in digital technologies presents a significant opportunity to revolutionize the financial sector. The study incorporates behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence, which are crucial factors in understanding technology adoption. Adding variables like technological literacy and perceived usefulness further enriches the analysis, providing a holistic view of the determinants of digital banking adoption The study will provide current empirical evidence on the effect of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria, thereby contributing significantly to the body of knowledge. The research will also be helpful as a reference material for other researchers who chose to write on the subject matter. Furthermore, the findings of this study will assist the government and its agencies particularly the Central Bank of Nigeria in policy formulation and implementation on the unbanked population. The study will also provide a guide on strategies and directives to small and medium scale enterprise to enhance financial inclusion through financial technology The Nigerian government can make use of the findings from the study to help in advancement of structure in development and market the digital banking technology in the county. Also it would be of help to the government since it would contain recommendations of digital technology on inclusion growth and in so doing the county can strategize on policy that would improve the access to financial services in terms of technology The government and policy makers would gain valuable information on effects of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. The study would be used in policy making regarding disruptive technologies. Policy makers would as well learn challenges and loopholes in their current framework and how it’s affecting operations of banks. Future researchers, Academia and scholars would benefit from this study as it would act as a reference material besides suggesting areas for further research that they can further knowledge on growth of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. 1.7 Scope of the Study This study will cover the effect of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Kwara State. Behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence will be used to measuredigital banking technology while the proxy of financial inclusion includes Access to financial services, Usage of financial services; and quality of the services. The research focuses on customers of deposit money banks in Kwara State. The justification of the variables is because of the sporadic technological and artificial intelligence changes that have been incorporated into businesses and People’s behavioral intention is driven by trust, usability, technological literacy, and social influence towards financial inclusion 1.8 Organization of the Study The study is organized into five chapters. Chapter one contains the background to the study, statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of the study, research hypothesis, scope of the study, significance and plan of the study. Chapter two review literatures and theoretical framework relevant to the study, particularly the conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical studies and summary & gaps identification in the study. Chapter three discusses research methodology, research design, population of the study, sample and sampling technique, data collection technique and method of data analysis. Chapter four contains data presentation and data analysis, results and discussion of findings. Chapter five summarizes the entire work, conclusion and recommendation limitation and suggestions for further study CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The chapter focuses on the review of literature related to the study. The chapter includes: conceptual review, conceptual framework, theoretical review, empirical review, gaps identified in the literature and the theoretical framework. 2.1 Conceptual review This section reviewed the main concepts of the study. They include: concept of digital banking, Behavioral intention, service trust, social influence, and financial inclusion. 2.1.1. Digital banking Digital finance includes Internet banking, Mobile banking, Mobile Wallets (apps), Credit card and debit card. Financial inclusion is taken for the study are Convenience, Adaptability, affordability, Security, User-friendly, Low Service charge, Accurate timing, Online Monthly statement, Quick financial decision making, Easy interbank account facility, Internet Connectivity, and Usability. Digital banking simply means managing all your banking transactions either on your mobile phone, your ipad or your computer. Digital banking can also be described as the digitalization of all traditional banking activities that were historically available to customers when physically inside of a bank branch. According to Iwedi, Kocha, & Wike, (2022), this includes activities like money deposits, withdrawals, and transfers, checking/saving account management, loan management, bills payment and account services. According to IBM Global Services (2015), digital banking is a set of alternative delivery channels for banking services. It has to do with conducting financial transactions through various electronic means, without physically interacting with the bank. Accordingly, Wewege , Lee & Thomsett, (2020), opined that digital Banking is the automation of traditional banking services. Digital banking enables a bank’s customers to access banking products and services via an electronic/online platform. Digital banking means to digitize all of the banking operations and substitute the bank’s physical presence with an everlasting online presence, eliminating a consumer’s need to visit a branch. Digital banking refers to the provision of financial services and transactions through digital channels, predominantly via the internet, mobile devices, and other electronic platforms. Furthermore, Garg, (2020),mentioned that it encompasses a wide range of services, including online account management, fund transfers, bill payments, loan applications, and investment management, among others.. Digital banking is a banking model that leverages electronic platforms and technologies to provide financial services to customers (Khan & Ahmed, 2021) The benefits of digital banking is that digital banking can lead to greater financial inclusion, expansion of financial services to non-financial sectors, and the expansion of basic services to individuals since nearly 55 percent of Nigerians were unbanked and excluded from the financial safety net while 48.12 percent of the Nigerian population accessed the internet via mobile device Secondly, digital banking enables consumers to perform banking transactions from the comfort of their homes, be it an elderly person who is tired of waiting in lines or a working-class professional who is caught up with work, or a regular person who does not want to visit the bank’s branch to run a single errand. (World Bank, 2021) It also offers convenience. Elaborating on the convenience offered, digital banking lets a user carry out banking work around the clock, with 24*7 availability of access to banking functions. Thirdly, digital banking promises to boost the gross domestic product (GDP) of digitalized economies by providing convenient access to diverse range of financial products and services (and credit facilities) for individuals as well as small, medium and large businesses, which can boost aggregate expenditure thereby improving GDP levels (Iwedi, Kocha, & Wike, 2022). The importance of Digital Banking on Financial Inclusion is Digital banking allows individuals, especially those in underserved or remote areas, to access financial services without the need for physical bank branches, Digital banking often reduces the costs associated with traditional banking services, such as maintaining physical branches and manual paperwork, and Digital banking provides a seamless and convenient banking experience by offering round-the-clock access to financial services. Customers can perform transactions, pay bills, and access account information at their convenience, eliminating the need to adhere to traditional banking hours or visit physical branches (Diaw, 2021) The Limitations of Digital Banking on Financial Inclusion are Despite the proliferation of digital banking, access to technology and internet connectivity remains a significant barrier to financial inclusion for certain populations, particularly in rural and low-income areas where infrastructure may be lacking or unreliable, Many individuals, especially older adults and those with limited education, may lack the necessary digital literacy skills to effectively use digital banking platforms and Digital banking introduces new security risks, such as identity theft, phishing scams, and data breaches, which may deter individuals from adopting digital financial services, particularly those who are distrustful of online transactions or have experienced fraud in the past (Ndiaye, 2021) 2.1.2. Behavioral intention Behavioral intention refers to an individual's subjective likelihood or readiness to perform a specific behavior. (Lin, Lee, Chang, & Fu 2020), Behavioral intention refers to an individual's conscious plan to perform or not to perform a particular behavior (Conner 2020), according to Latip & Sharkawi (2021), behavioral intention is the subjective probability that a person will perform a specific behavior, often influenced by attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control. Behavioral intention denotes an individual's readiness and willingness to engage in a particular behavior, serving as a crucial predictor of actual behavior (Conner 2020), Behavioral intention represents an individual's planned course of action influenced by internal attitudes and external factors (Conner 2020) It is a crucial concept in psychology and behavioral economics, often used to predict and understand human actions. In the context of financial inclusion, which aims to provide access to financial services for all individuals, behavioral intention plays a significant role in determining whether people will actively engage with and adopt financial products and services (Chen, Jia & Wu 2023) The merits of behavioral intention on financial inclusion are behavioral intention models provide valuable insights into the likelihood of individuals adopting financial inclusion measures, helping policymakers and financial institutions tailor their strategies. Understanding behavioral intentions allows for the customization of financial products and services, addressing specific concerns and preferences of different demographic groups. By identifying factors influencing behavioral intentions, targeted interventions can be designed to overcome barriers and promote positive financial behaviours (Nwosu & Ilori 2024) The demerits of behavioral intention on financial inclusion is behavioral intention models may oversimplify the intricate and multifaceted nature of financial decision making, potentially neglecting certain cultural or emotional aspects. The models might not account for contextual variations that influence financial behaviour, limiting their applicability across diverse populations. behavioural intentions can change over time due to evolving circumstances, and models may not always capture these dynamic shifts effectively (Nwosu & Ilori 2024) The importance and relevance of behavioral intention on financial inclusion is Behavioral intention directly impacts individuals' decisions to adopt financial services and products, Behavioral intention serves as a predictor of continued usage and participation in financial inclusion programs, ensuring their effectiveness and longevity, and Behavioral intention influences individuals' financial behaviors and habits, prompting them to save more, invest wisely, and make informed financial decisions. By fostering positive intentions towards responsible financial practices, financial inclusion initiatives can contribute to improved economic outcomes and poverty alleviation (Yawso, 2020). 2.1.3. Service trust Service trust" in the context of financial inclusion refers to the level of confidence and reliance individuals have in the financial services they use (Okello CandiyaBongomin & Ntayi,2020). Service trust refers to the confidence and reliance that consumers place in a service provider to consistently deliver promised services with competence, integrity, and reliability (Krishna, Krishnan& Sebastian,2025), Service trust denotes the belief held by consumers regarding the reliability, honesty, and dependability of a service provider (Krishna, Krishnan& Sebastian, 2025), Service trust represents the faith and confidence that customers have in a service provider's ability to fulfill their promises and deliver services reliably and competently (Eposi, 2023), Service trust is the perception of consumers regarding the credibility and dependability of a service provider (Gu, Zhang, Lu& Song 2020) Trust is a critical factor in encouraging people to engage with financial institutions, especially in the context of inclusive financial services that aim to reach underserved populations Service emphasizes the interpersonal relationships and communication between financial service providers and clients. It involves the belief that the financial institution is genuinely concerned about the wellbeing of its customers and acts in their best interest (Samarathunga & NMBPK, (2023) The merits of service trust on financial inclusion is High levels of service trust can lead to increased participation in financial services, especially among underserved populations who may have hesitated due to historical distrust in financial institutions. Trust facilitates the adoption of innovative financial products and technologies, such as mobile banking or digital payment systems, as individuals feel more secure in trying new services. A trusted financial system contributes to economic growth by fostering savings, investments, and entrepreneurship, particularly among previously excluded individuals. (Mbodj & Laye 2025) The demerits of service trust on financial inclusion are service trust can be easily undermined by external factors such as economic crises, fraud, or regulatory failures, leading to a rapid erosion of confidence. Building trust is a gradual process, but it can be quickly eroded by a single negative incident, making it challenging to recover once damaged. Trust is influenced by cultural and contextual factors, and strategies to build trust may need to be customized for different communities, making it challenging to implement universal solutions. (Mbodj & Laye 2025) 2.1.4. Social influence Social Influence in the context of financial inclusion refers to the impact that social factors, interactions, and networks have on individuals' financial behaviors and decisions.( Sigova, Vasiliev & Kliuchnikov 2020) Social influence refers to the process by which individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are affected by the real or imagined presence of others. (Wang, Zhu, & Sun 2021) Social influence is the ability of individuals or groups to change the attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of others through direct or indirect means (Gass & Seiter 2022). Social influence refers to the tendency of individuals to conform to the behaviors, values, and expectations of their social group or community. (Spears 2021) Social influence encompasses the ways in which individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others within their social environment (Shah & Asghar 2023). Social influence occurs when individuals are influenced by the preferences, choices, or behaviors of those they admire, respect, or consider as role models within their social environment. In financial inclusion, this can involve the emulation of influential figures in adopting financial services (Gass & Seiter 2022) The merits of Social Influence on financial inclusion isSocial influence fosters community engagement, encouraging collective efforts toward financial inclusion goals. Individuals can benefit from the shared experiences and knowledge within social networks, promoting financial literacy and responsible financial behavior. Leveraging social influence allows for the design of culturally sensitive financial inclusion strategies that align with existing social structures. (Nwosu & Ilori 2024) Likewise, the demerits of Social Influence on financial inclusion are in some cases, social influence may perpetuate negative financial behaviors if existing social norms are exclusionary or detrimental. Heavy reliance on social influence might limit individual autonomy in financial decision making, leading to conformity rather than informed choices. Informational social influence is susceptible to the spread of misinformation within social networks, potentially leading to suboptimal financial decisions. (Nwosu & Ilori 2024) 2.1.5. Technological literacy Technological literacy is an essential concept in understanding how individuals interact with digital technologies, including digital banking systems. It encompasses the skills and knowledge required to effectively use and understand technology in various contexts. Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, understand, and assess technology. It involves the knowledge and skills needed to thrive in a technologically advanced society (ITEEA, 2017). Technological literacy encompasses a broad understanding of technology, including its creation, use, and impact on society. It involves the ability to recognize technological principles and make informed decisions regarding technology use (Rosário & Dias 2023). Technological literacy is the capacity to use, understand, evaluate, and integrate technology, media, and information in various forms. This includes being able to apply technology in problem-solving and decision-making contexts (U.S. Department of Education, 2016), and Technological literacy refers to the skills and knowledge required to effectively use information and communication technologies. It includes the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create information using digital tools (European Commission, 2013). The merits of Technological Literacy are technologically literate individuals are better equipped to tackle complex problems using digital tools, fostering innovation and efficiency (Rosário & Dias 2023). High levels of technological literacy are associated with greater employability, as many modern jobs require proficiency with digital tools and platforms (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). Technological literacy enables individuals to access a wealth of information online, facilitating lifelong learning and informed decision-making (European Commission, 2013), and Technologically literate citizens are more likely to engage in digital forms of civic participation, such as online voting, e-petitions, and social media advocacy (ITEEA, 2017). The demerits of Technological Literacy are variations in technological literacy can exacerbate the digital divide, leading to inequalities in access to information and opportunities (Rosário & Dias 2023). Also, as individuals become more reliant on technology, they may face increased risks related to data privacy and cyber security if they lack comprehensive understanding and skills (U.S. Department of Education, 2016). High technological literacy can lead to over-reliance on digital tools, potentially diminishing traditional skills and interpersonal interactions (European Commission, 2013), and Rapid technological advancements can render current skills and knowledge obsolete, requiring continuous learning and adaptation, which can be challenging for some individuals (ITEEA, 2017). 2.1.6. Financial inclusion Financial inclusion means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs—payments, savings, credit, and insurance (World Bank 2022) Financial inclusion refers to the availability and accessibility of financial services and products to all segments of society, particularly those traditionally underserved or excluded from formal financial system (Ozili, 2020). Financial inclusion entails providing individuals and businesses with access to essential financial services such as savings, credit, insurance, and payments (World bank, 2018) Financial inclusion involves ensuring that individuals and communities have access to affordable and appropriate financial products and services, regardless of their income level or geographic location (CGAP, 2017)Financial inclusion refers to the process of expanding access to financial services and products to underserved populations, including low-income individuals, women, and rural communities (World bank, 2016) Financial inclusion has several benefits for poor households. It provides low-income individuals with the possibility to save for the future which fosters stability in personal finance, and a high level of use of bank deposits which contributes to securing a more stable deposit base for banks during distressed times (Katnic, Katnic, Orlandic, Radunovic & Mugosa 2024). Greater financial inclusion can also provide poor households with opportunities to build savings, make investments and access credit (Ellis, Lemma, & Rud, 2010);Peterson, 2017); (Demirgüç-Kunt, Klapper, Singer, Ansar & Hess 2020). Financial inclusion also enables them to handle income shocks over unforeseen emergencies such as illness or loss of employment The dimension of financial access reflects the extent of outreach of financial services, including the presence of bank branches or point-of-sale (POS) devices in rural areas, as well as the obstacles faced by customers in accessing financial institutions, such as costs or lack of information (World Bank, 2020). Additionally, the dimension of financial usage assesses how individuals utilize financial services, taking into account factors such as the frequency and duration of engagement with financial products or services over time, such as average savings balances, transaction volumes per account, and the number of electronic payments made (World Bank, 2020).Lastly, the dimension of financial quality gauges whether financial products and services align with the needs of clients. It considers the diversity of options available to customers and evaluates clients' awareness and comprehension of financial products (World Bank, 2020). 2.2 Theoretical Review This study reviewed three theories to develop an empirical framework to investigate the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion. The theories include system theory of financial inclusion, financial innovation theory and Technological acceptance model. 2.2.1. The Systems theory of Financial Inclusion The systems theory of financial inclusion was propounded by Peterson ozili (2019). The systems theory of financial inclusion holds that, the outcomes of financial inclusion are achieved through the existing subsystems such as the economic, social and financial sub systems which financial inclusion depends on and as such greater financial inclusion will have positive benefits for the systems it relies on. The assumption states that when there is a significant change in a subsystem (economic, financial and social), it can have a significant effect on the expected outcomes of financial inclusion. As an example, when economic agents and suppliers of financial services who are part of the economic system and financial systems are imposed regulations by regulators, this can make them put their interest in the place of users of basic financial services which may prevent them (suppliers of financial services) from offering quality and affordable financial services to users that will align with defined rules protecting these users from being exploited and from price discrimination. (Beloke, 2023)However, if there is a significant change at national or full system level for example, changing the existing national financial inclusion plan with a totally new plan, does not make the existing subsystems to change since a change of the sub-system have to be done at the sub-system level. The theory assumes that with financial inclusion, the workings of the subsystems that it relies on will be improved upon. (Ozili, 2019) The relevance of the theory to the study is the success of financial inclusion agenda will depend on the efficiency and effectiveness of the subsystem. The economic, financial and social subsystems are the main beneficiaries of financial inclusion from the systems theory perspective. In the absence of a diagram to depict the above theory, this paper has made an attempt to represent the above explanation diagrammatically as seen below. It explains that given the provision of digital financial services by commercial banks, the outcome will be seen in terms of cost and sustainability by commercial banks in the long run, customers will have the ability to use formal financial services with minimum barriers to opening an account, there will be physical proximity all at affordable cost (Accessibility). These services will match the needs of customers through continuous product development (Quality) and the result will be the regular, frequent and longtime use of financial services (usage) which are all indicators of financial inclusion (Beloke, 2023). The criticism of systems theory of financial inclusion is Critics argue that the systems theory may oversimplify the complexity of financial inclusion by attempting to model it as a deterministic system with predictable outcomes. In reality, financial inclusion is influenced by a multitude of dynamic and interrelated factors, including socio-economic, cultural, and political dimensions, which may not fit neatly into a single systems framework. The systems theory may overlook the contextual specificity of financial inclusion challenges and solutions across different regions, countries, and communities. Ozili, (2020) Financial innovation theory was propounded by William Silber in 1975. This theory refers to the process of creating new or modifying existing financial and investment services products, processes or services offerings. Financial innovation theory posits that the development and adoption of new financial products, services, and processes can lead to positive outcomes for both individuals and the broader economy. Liang, Hussain & Iqba, (2025), believe financial innovations according to Silber (1983) are premised on the idea that benefit expansion of money related foundations as the key reason of financial inclusion. Indeed, due to the similarity of financial services offerings of financial and investment services firms, innovations that promote value-added brand becomes the basis of preference of one product or service over another. Sekhar (2013); Iwedi, Kocha, & Wike, (2022) sees financial innovation as a critical motivating force of the financial system which leads to better economic competence and enhanced economic advantages derived from the new and frequent changes. Financial innovations enhance financial markets liquidity; ensure the allocation of resources to insufficient areas as well as improving the accessibility to emerging prospects (Blach 2011); Megersa, (2020). Basically, the theory envisages new and optimal ways of production, technological solutions and enhancing overall corporate bottom-line improvements. Financial Innovation often results in greater economic efficiency over time due to the tendency of improved knowledge of optimal utilization of service channels and other financial management techniques. Financial innovation theory emphasizes the importance of developing new financial products, services, and technologies to address the needs of underserved populations and promote financial inclusion. This theory remains relevant for several reasons: Financial innovation can lead to the creation of innovative products and delivery channels, such as mobile banking and digital wallets, which have the potential to reach individuals in remote or underserved areas who may have limited access to traditional banking services. Innovations in financial technology (FinTech) can result in cost-efficient solutions, making it more feasible for financial institutions to serve low-income individuals. This can include digital platforms that minimize the need for physical infrastructure. (World Bank, 2020) While financial innovation is considered a valuable tool for advancing financial inclusion, it has also faced criticism and challenges: Some financial innovations, particularly in the realm of digital finance, may inadvertently exclude certain segments of the population, such as those with limited technological literacy, access to smartphones, or connectivity. The rapid pace of financial innovation can outstrip regulatory frameworks, leading to potential risks for consumers, such as inadequate consumer protection, privacy concerns, and vulnerabilities to fraud. (World bank, 2020) 2.2.3. Technology Acceptance Model The theory was originally put forward by Fred Davis (1986) as espousing the tendency to employ technological knowhow in providing financial services solutions (TAM) is an information systems theory that models how users adapt and accept the use of a technology. TAM according to Lim and Ting (2012) ; Wang, Wang, Zeng, Su & Li, (2025), explains the perception towards new technology (which) has a direct relationship to its functionality as well as the simplicity of the system. The model deals with customers’ values and perception of the new technology and not necessarily its real usage. Davis (1986) had premised his findings on three causative factors, namely the Perceived Ease of Use of the technology (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Attitude (PA) towards the use of the technology which ultimately affect their individual preferences. Sebastian (2011) is of the opinion that the technology acceptance theory is the most widely used theory in explaining the acceptance of any information technology by the users, electronic payment system inclusive. The theory tries to explain why people would choose to use a particular technology to better their life. Thus, the technology acceptance model states that two factors explain whether a new technology will be accepted by users: (i) perceived usefulness and (ii) perceived ease of use. The first factor of perceived usefulness is about the prospective user’s probability that using a specific technology or application will enhance the individual life performance. Basically, perceived usefulness is a factor that measures how useful a technology/application is to its users. The second factor of perceived ease of use centers on the degree to which the users expect the target technology to be free of effort. (Kochha, 2015); Tahar, Riyadh, Sofyani & Purnomo (2020) One of the limitations of the TAM concerns the variable which pertains to the behavior of users, which is inevitably evaluated through subjective means such as behavioral intention (BI) such as interpersonal influence. Nevertheless, interpersonal influence as the subjective norm is explained to mean when a person is influenced by words of mouth from a colleague, or a friend. Another limitation is that, underlines of behavior cannot be reliably quantified in an empirical investigation, owing to a number of different subjective factors such as the norms and values of societies and personal attributes and personality traits. (Norris, 2015) 2.3 Empirical review 2.3.1 Studies in developed countries Weigand and Tariq (2017); Isa-Olatinwo, Uwaleke, Ibrahim (2022) examined the impact of digital financial services on firms’ performance using a critical review of literature. For the purpose of their study, they identified 39 works that have appeared in a wide range of peer-reviewed scientific journals. They classified the methodologies and approaches that researchers have used to predict the effect of such services on the financial growth and profitability. Content analyses wasadopted as method of data analyses for the study. From their results, they observed that despite rapid technological advancement in digital financial services during the last ten years, Digital Financial Services being the factor affecting firm’s performance didn’t get the reasonable attention in academic literature. One of the reasons as they observed is that almost all the authors limit their research to banking sector while ignoring others particularly mobile network operators (providing branchless banking) and new non-banking entrants. They also notice that newer researchers often ignore past research and investigate the same issues Almosov, Bondareva, Darelina, Potomov, & Timacheva (2021), looked at digital platforms and the ecosystems of financial inclusion in Russia. Their study aimed at finding out how digital banking has aided the ecosystem of financial inclusion in Russia. Internet banking, mobile banking and card banking were used as variables for the study. Data was analysed using ordinary least square regression. The result of the study showed that digital platforms have greatly aided the financial inclusion ecosystem in Russia. The researchers also concluded that the study outlined the specific business models and corporate strategies and also contributes to the understanding and conceptualization of the global parallel banking practices Huma Haider (2018); Maringo (2023) examined the innovative financial technologies support livelihoods of people. Access to digital technologies, in particular mobile phones, internet connectivity and biometric authentication, allows for a wider range of financial services, such as online banking, mobile phone banking, and digital credit for the unbanked. Findings revealed that Digital financial services can be more convenient and affordable than traditional banking services, enabling low-income and poor people in developing countries to save and borrow in the formal financial system, earn a financial return and smooth their consumption Amrita Chatterjee (2020) examined impact of digital technology on financial inclusion. The study used secondary data and with the help of a fixed effect panel data model of 41 countries found that information and communication technology positively determines financial inclusion. The result suggests further that both financial inclusion individually and once coupled with mobile and internet can improve the per capita growth. Yilmaz Bayar (2021) examined the impact of mobile phones and internet use on financial inclusion in EUpost–communist countries. The study used cross sectional research design. The result indicates that mobile cellular phone and internet subscriptions positively affect financial institutions' access in countries like Hungary, Latvia, and Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia and financial market access in Bulgaria, Croatia and Hungary Pakhnenko, Rubanov, Hacar, Yatsenko and Vida (2021) examined digitalization of financial services in European countries: evaluation and comparative analysis.the European countries were divided into four groups: with a high, medium, low, and critically low level of digitalization of financial services. The study used qualitative research design Findings revealed that the digitalization level of financial services had increased in most European countries. In 2019 the high digitalization level of financial services had been reached by six countries, including Norway, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, the UK, and the Netherlands. Law (2021) examined financial inclusion and virtual bank in the era of digitalization: a regulatory case study in Hong Kong. Through the content analysis of the recent speeches and guidelines from Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the financial inclusion report from the United Kingdom, it is observed that the regulation of virtual banks in Hong Kong tends to focus predominately on promoting technological innovations. This is unlikely to be sufficient to replicate the trust and confidence in the traditional banking environments due to the lack of consideration to incorporate human factors between banks and clients. Findings revealed that Virtual bank could further promote financial inclusions through acknowledging its difference with the conventional bank Zhiqiang, Junjie, Hongyu and Duc Khuong (2022) investigated the impact of local banks and digital financial inclusion on Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) financing constraints. Using data from Chinese SMEs for the period 2007–2017; The study used quantitative research design robust results find that SMEs’ financing constraints are negatively associated with the proportion of local bank branches and the degree of digital financial inclusion; the effect of local banks is more pronounced for firms which are small, transparent, and located in the regions less dependent on bank credit; and local bank branches and digital financial inclusion have a substitution effect on alleviating SMEs’ financial constraints Ali Hashemizadeh, Rana, Irfan Syed & Anees (2023) investigated the effects of digital financial inclusion and information and communication technology (ICT) on economic growth in 38 OECD nations between 2004 and 2020, with a focus on the contributions of financial development and investments in non-financial assets. To this end, advanced econometric methodologies are employed to conduct an exhaustive empirical analysis utilizing second-generation panel unit root and integration techniques. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between digital financial inclusion, information and communication technology, population growth, and non-financial investments in OECD nations Hway, Shaista, Lee-Lee & Shay-Wei (2023) examined how the digitalization of business processes might instil financial inclusion in lower-middle-income ASEAN economies. Based on the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, the digitalization of business processes is modeled by fixed high-speed broadband, mobile and cellular subscriptions as a predictor of financial inclusion. The pooled mean group estimation of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is employed to determine the effect of digitalization on the financial inclusion of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines and Vietnam economies. The key finding is the significance of digitalization in inducing the financial inclusion of lower-middle-income ASEAN economy. Mhlongo (2024) examine the implications of digital banking for Africa's economic development, identifying it as a key driver for economic empowerment, particularly among women, SMEs, and rural communities. The review points to the transformative potential of digital banking in improving access to financial services, reducing transaction costs, and supporting economic growth. However, the authors also note the challenges posed by the digital divide, regulatory complexities, and data privacy concerns, advocating for collaborative efforts to create an enabling environment for digital banking through regulatory reforms, investments in digital infrastructure, and financial literacy programs 2.3.2 Studies in developing countries Kithinji (2017); Ooko & Muchelule (2024) looked at the effect of digital banking strategy on financial inclusion amongst Commercial Banks in Kenya. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of digital financial strategies measure using; mobile banking strategy investment, ATM banking strategy investment, agency banking strategy investment and online banking strategy investment on financial inclusion proxied by number of bank accounts, deposits value, number of branch networks or outlets and number of customers. The study used secondary data from the Central Banks of Kenya annual report between 2012 -2016 for all the commercial banks in Kenya, 42 in number. In analyzing the quantitative data, the study used descriptive statistics and regression analysis while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. From the findings, it was concluded that, commercial banks in Kenya had adopted diverse digital banking strategies to not only ensure their sustainability but also to reach the unbanked people in Kenya. Durai and Stella (2019) researched on Digital Finance and its impact on financial inclusion. The objective of the study was to identify the impact of digital finance in bringing about financial inclusion among people. Digital finance included internet banking, mobile banking, mobile wallets (apps), credit card and debit card. Financial inclusion used in the study were convenience, adaptability, affordability, security, userfriendly, low service charge, accurate timing, online monthly statement, quick financial decision making, easy interbank account facility, internet connectivity, and usability. The questionnaires were well structured and prepared for the collection of primary data. The statistical techniques used for analyzing the data were One way ANOVA and Reliability test. From the findings, usability, convenience, accurate timing, and easy interbank account facility impacted mobile banking, low service charge and accurate timing positively and significantly impacts on mobile wallets (apps). Low service charge also had a positive impact on the credit card. They concluded that Digital Finance plays a vital role in the day to day activities of the people so every human being intends to avail the facility of digital finance in their lives Asongu and Odhiambo (2019); Kouladoum, Wirajing & Nchofoung (2022) examined impact of digital banking technology on inclusion in African countries. The study used ex-post facto research design and panel data analysis to estimate the parameters of the model. The study found a negative relationship between mobile, internet and broadband penetration and inequality in a panel of 48 African countries. Individual country studies provide further evidence of the positive development outcomes of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Rana, Luthra & Rao (2020), examined key Challenges to Digital Financial Services in Emerging Economies: The Indian Context. The study developed a framework of challenges by utilizing Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Fuzzy MICMAC approach. We explored eighteen such unique set of challenges culled from the literature and further gathered data from two sets of expert professionals. In the first phase, we gathered data from twenty-nine professionals followed by eighteen professionals in the second phase. Findings revealed that ISM model is split in eight different levels. The bottom level consists of a key driving challenge V11 (i.e. high cost and low return related problem) whereas the topmost level consists of two highly dependent challenges namely V1 (i.e. risk of using digital services) and V14 (i.e. lack of trust). The prescribed ISM model shows the involvement of ‘high cost and low return related problem (V11)’, which triggers further challenges of DFS Asif, Mohd, Sadhana, Showkat, Wani, and Firoz (2023) examined the impact of fintech and Digital Financial Services on Financial Inclusion in India. In this study, regression and correlation were employed, together with secondary data gathered from the RBI, to analyze this influence. The aim was to determine the impact of fintech and digital financial services on financial inclusion in India. According to the results, fintech businesses have significantly aided financial inclusion in this nation, especially for the middle class. These findings will be helpful for policy-makers working hard to bring every individual in this country into an organized financial system Beloke (2023) examined the influence of digital financial services on the performance of commercial banks in Cameroon. Primary data was obtained through the administration of questionnaires and the average responses of four bank staff at management levels of the headquarters of each of the 10 commercial banks under study in Cameroon were used. After testing for validity, reliability, multicollinearity and heteroskedasticity and using the Feasible Generalised Least Square (FGLS) estimation technique, Findings revealed that Primary data was obtained through the administration of questionnaires and the average responses of four bank staff at management levels of the headquarters of each of the 10 commercial banks under study in Cameroon were used. Cnaan, Scott, Heist, and Moodithaya (2023) offer a cautionary tale from rural India, where the rush towards digital banking and cashless societies has not necessarily translated into increased financial inclusion. Their findings suggest that financial literacy and online access are critical determinants of digital banking activity, warning against the potential exclusion of marginalized populations in the transition to digital banking solutions. In summary, digital banking presents a formidable opportunity to advance financial inclusion by making financial services more accessible, affordable, and user-friendly. However, the realization of its full potential requires addressing technological, educational, and regulatory challenges. Stakeholders must prioritize the development of digital literacy, infrastructure, and protective regulatory frameworks to ensure that the benefits of digital banking are equitably distributed across all segments of society Natsir, Arifin, and Ronald (2023) explore the relationship between financial knowledge, literacy, and inclusion in the context of digital banking services in Jakarta. Their study reveals that financial knowledge positively influences financial literacy, which in turn significantly impacts financial inclusion. This underscores the importance of financial literacy as a mediator in the adoption of digital banking services, suggesting that educational initiatives aimed at improving financial literacy could play a crucial role in fostering financial inclusion Ibeh, (2024) delve into the realm of business analytics and decision science, reviewing various techniques in strategic business decision making. Their comprehensive analysis highlights the critical role of advanced analytical tools in enhancing strategic decisions, pointing towards the synergy between analytics, financial literacy, and strategic decisionmaking in the modern business landscape 2.3.3 Studies on Nigeria David-West (2018) examined digital financial services in Nigeria. They used survey design to examine the Percentage of banked and under banked male, Percentage of banked and under banked female. The variables of the study include number of bank branches, ATMS, and POS points. Percentages and frequencies were used as tools for data analysis. They concluded that financial inclusion is a stimulant for economic development. They also observed that Nigeria recorded progress in growing the banked and under-banked segments, but a significant number lack access to formal financial services and are yet to be categorized as banked. Another observation is that digital banking services awareness and utilization is low and non-existent among target segments - under-banked and unbanked Peterson (2018) examined the impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability, The study used a qualitative research design. The study provides a discussion on digital finance and its implication for financial inclusion and financial stability. Findings revealed that Digital finance through Fintech providers has positive effects for financial inclusion in emerging and advanced economies, and the convenience that digital finance provides to individuals with low and variable income is often more valuable to them than the higher cost they will pay to obtain such services from conventional regulated banks Tabitha Durai and Stella (2019) examined digital finance and its impact on financial inclusion in Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was carefully prepared for the collection of primary data. Multiple choices and Likert scale questions were carefully framed to study the impact of digital finance in financial inclusion. The Cronbach’s alpha is 0.976, proving its reliability and validity. Data were entered into the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 20.0 for analysis. The statistical techniques used for analyzing the data are One way ANOVA and Reliability test.. The findings of the study found that Usability, Convenience, Accurate timing, and easy interbank account facility has positive impacts on Mobile banking, Low service charge and accurate timing has significant impacts on mobile wallets (apps) even Low service charge has positively impacted on the credit card. Hence the study concludes that the digital finance (Internet banking, mobile banking, mobile wallets (apps), credit card and debit card has a significant impact on financial inclusion. Iwedi, Kocha, and Wike (2022) investigated the effect of digitalization of banking services on the Nigeria economy. Specifically, this was set out to find out if specific digital banking service channels such as use of web pay and mobile pay have an effect on the economy of Nigeria. A 12 year aggregate annual digital banking service data as provided by Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical bulletin was used in this study. A multiple regression procedure was used to determine the significance of the relationship between digital banking service channels and economic performance in Nigeria. The result shows that WEB pay and Mobile Pay all exhibit a strong relationship with Nigeria economic growth. It therefore implies that digitalization of banking service channels are strongly and significantly associated with economic growth in Nigeria Marshal (2023) examined the effect of mobile payment technology on poverty alleviation in Nigeria. The study was carried out in the Rivers State of Nigeria. The study population consisted of people living in the Rivers State of Nigeria. Both multistage and purposive sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample size of 223 respondents for the study. A structured questionnaire served as the study's major data collection instrument. The issue of validity and reliability of the research instrument was also addressed in the study. Data obtained from the field survey were first presented with simple descriptive statistics such as tables, frequencies, graphs and percentages. The data were tested with a simple regression model using the SPSS software version 25.0. Findings show that mobile payment technology was positively and significantly related to the consumption expenditure of the studied respondents in Rivers State of Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study concluded that embracing digital technology is a major tool in alleviating poverty, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria Marshal Iwedi (2023) examined the effect of the digital banking model on financial inclusion in Nigeria. The study adopted the financial time series methodology in collecting quarterly data, and these secondary data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (2021) for a period of twelve (12) years ranging from 2009 – 2021. Quarterly time series data on the volume of transactions on automatic teller machines (ATM), volume of transactions on the point of sale (POS), volume of transactions on web banking technology (WBT), and volume of transactions on mobile banking technology (MBT) in Nigeria form the independent variables. At the same time, the ratio of total deposit to gross domestic product was used as a proxy for financial inclusion in Nigeria. The estimation technique of the pairwise granger causality test was used to analyze the data. The pairwise granger causality test was used because it has proven useful in describing whether a one-time series is useful in forecasting another. The paper found that the digital banking model significantly and critically influences Nigeria's financial inclusion. Uchenna, Samuel, David, Omamode& Damilola (2024) examined the role of digital banking in advancing financial inclusion in the United States and Nigeria, aiming to identify and compare practices and outcomes in these two distinct economic contexts. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and analysis of case studies, the study explores how digital banking platforms and services have been implemented and their impact on underserved populations. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of secondary data, policy documents, and interviews with key stakeholders in the banking sector of both countries. Key findings reveal that digital banking has significantly contributed to financial inclusion by providing accessible, affordable, and convenient financial services. In the USA, technological advancements and a robust regulatory framework have fostered a competitive digital banking environment, leading to innovative solutions for reducing barriers to financial access. 2.4 Summary & Gaps identified in literature The literature review reveals a notable gap in empirical studies concerning the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in both developed and developing countries i.e. see (Pakhnenko, Rubanov, Hacar, Yatsenko and Vida (2021), Zhiqiang, Junjie, Hongyu and Duc Khuong (2022), Amrita Chatterjee (2020) Beloke (2023), Asif, Mohd, Sadhana, Showkat, Wani, and Firoz (2023)). This study distinguishes itself by addressing this gap, focusing on variables like behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence, and financial inclusion within customers of deposit money banks. Additionally, it narrows its focus to explore financial inclusiveness in Ilorin, Kwara State. In the conceptual realm, the term "digital banking" encompasses various observable features of digitalization of all traditional banking activities that were historically available to customers when physically inside of a bank branch. Previous studies (Such as (Peterson (2018),Natsir Arifin, & Ronald, 2023) employing different conceptual frameworks have left gaps and room for scrutiny. To bridge this, the current study considers behavioral intention, service trust, and social influence on financial inclusion. The theory underpinning this study is relevant to explain impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. This study stands out by incorporating the assumptions of system theory of financial inclusion, financial innovation theory and Technological acceptance model. Specifically, the study adopts the Technological acceptance model, emphasizing that digital banking technology satisfies the two factors of usefulness and ease of use, which implies that every financially excluded Nigerian could be on board in the financial ecosystem through the use of mobile banking technology. In terms of methodology, several reviewed studies utilized purposive sampling, panel data regression, GMM regression approaches, and ordinary regression analysis (e.g., Tabitha Durai and Stella (2019), David-West (2018), Kithinji (2017))). This study deviates by employing primary data and multiple regressions, intending to determine the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Ilorin, Kwara State 2.5 Theoretical Framework This study is theoretically anchored on technology acceptance model. (TAM) is an information systems theory that models how users adapt and accept the use of a technology. TAM according to Lim and Ting (2012) explains the perception towards new technology (which) has a direct relationship to its functionality as well as the simplicity of the system. The model deals with customers’ values and perception of the new technology and not necessarily its real usage. Davis (1986) had premised his findings on three causative factors, namely the Perceived Ease of Use of the technology (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Attitude (PA) towards the use of the technology which ultimately affect their individual preferences Conversely, it is a factor to show how easily the user can use the technology. The technology acceptance model says very little about the technology itself; rather, the focus is what we believe or what we perceive this technology to be. Whether the technology is actually useful or actually easy to use is not a matter of the technology but a matter of our perceptions, and this may change obviously, so depending on how much experience you have, how old you are, what gender you are, the perceptions of a particular piece of technology say mobile device or a tablet computer changes not because the technology is different but because you and I are different. Therefore, this model was adopted in this paper because digital banking technology satisfies the two factors of usefulness and ease of use, which implies that every financially excluded Nigerian could be onboard in the financial ecosystem through the use of mobile banking technology. TAM focuses on the role of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in shaping behavioral intention. It posits that individuals are more likely to adopt a technology if they perceive it as easy to use and believe it will enhance inclusion (Yunus, 2018) 2.6. Conceptual framework Independent Variable Dependent Variable Source: Authors Conceptualization, 2024 This study used four independent variables to develop a conceptual framework to investigate the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion. The variables include Behavioral intention, service trust, social influence, and financial inclusion CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY This chapter provides discussions of the research design, the population of the study, sample size and sampling techniques, data collection methods, validity and reliability as well as method of data analysis and model specification 3.1 Research Design This study used a descriptive research design. A descriptive research design involves the investigation of a topic with the aim and purpose of describing the problem or identifying problems. A descriptive research design was justified for use in this study as it sought to identify and describe how the independent factors influenced the dependent variable (Kothari, 2019) 3.2 Population of the Study Cooper and Schindler, (2014) defined population as the element which the researcher wishes to make inference on. The population of this study is 1,088,317 customers in selected deposit money banks consisting of the following (First bank level 167,397; GTB bank, 522,000; Zenith bank;150,000; UBA Bank, 108,000, Access bank;140,920) (NBS Statistics database, 2024) 3.3 Sample size The sample size for the study was determined using the Taro Yamane (1964) formula below. Based on the result below, the sample size used for this study is 399 which will be distributed to customers in deposit money bank. N n = __________________ 1 + N (0.05) 2 Where: n = Sample size N= Population Size i.e., 1,088,317 e = Level of precision or Sampling error i.e. 0.05 1,088,317 n = ________________ 1 + 1,088,317 (.05) 2 1,088,317 n = ________________ 1 + 1,088,317 x .0025 n =399. Based on the result above, the sample size used for this study is 399 which will be distributed to bank customers in selected deposit money banks in Kwara state. The sampling techniques to be used in this research work include simple random and stratified sampling techniques. A random sampling technique is imposed in each stratified population to respond to the research questionnaire interviewed Proportion Bank Proportion Sample First bank 167,397/1,088,317×399 61 GTB bank 522,000/1,088,317×399 191 Zenith Bank 150,000/1,088,317×399 55 Access Bank 140,920/1,088,317×399 52 UBA Bank 108,000/1,088,317×399 40 Based on the result above, the sample size used for this study is 399, which will be distributed to bank staffs according to their proportionate sample size ratio 3.4 Method of data collection The research utilized primary data gathered via a self-administered questionnaire to obtain responses from the designated participants. The distribution of questionnaires to bank customers was the method employed for the collection of primary data. The researcher took measures to adequately inform respondents about the questionnaire's content and the process of completion. Additionally, the researcher ensured the timely retrieval of administered questionnaires to enhance document security. 3.5. Validity and reliability of research instrument The reliability and validity of the research instrument simply lies in its consistency, accuracy stability, precision or dependability i.e. the extent at which a research instrument is free of variable errors. The reliability of research instrument concerns the extent to which the instruments yields the same results on repeated trials. The reliability of research instruments concerns the extent to which the instruments yields the same results on repeated trials. The reliability of this study will show in the consistence of the measurement with other researchers 3.6 Research Instrument The major research instrument used is the questionnaires. This was appropriately moderated. The bank customers were administered with the questionnaires to complete, with or without disclosing their identities. The justification of using questionnaire is that it will obtain sufficient and relevant information from the respondents. The questionnaires contained 31 structured questions which were divided into sections A and B. Section A comprising of respondents Bio data and section B consisting measurement questions. The items were structured using simple sentences and expression. The respondents will be given the questionnaire directly (hand delivered), and instructions on how to fill the questionnaire was given. Confidential treatment of information will be assured. 3.7 Method of data analysis The data collected was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, including measures such as maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation, were computed to highlight sample characteristics and identify significant trends in the gathered data. Additionally, inferential statistics, specifically multiple regression analysis, were applied to estimate the relationships between the variables under investigation. 3.8 Model specification This study used the multiple linear regression statistics to investigate the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. The justification for adapting the model is that it lies in its alignment with the research objectives and the identified need for further investigation. The model for this study is adapted from the study of (Asif, Mohammed, & Mohd, 2023) which was stated as follows: FFFi = β0 + βBIi + β2SIi + β3STi + βUBi + ei…………….. (i) Where: FFF = Use of fintech for financial inclusion BI = Behavioral intention ST = Service trust SI Social influence TL = Technology literacy Thus, modified model is adapted as follows. The justification for adapting the model is that it lies in its alignment with the research objectives and the identified need for further investigation FIit = β0 + β1BIi + β2STi + β3SIi+ β4TLi+ ei…………….. (ii) Where: FI = Financial inclusion BI = Behavioral intention ST = Service trust SI Social influence TL = Technological Literacy β0 = Beta coefficient β1, β2, β3, β4 = Coefficients of each independent variable in the model ɛ= Error term β1, β2, β3, β4> 0 The a-priori expectation of the model is a positive relationship between the dependent variable and independent variable i.e. β1>0; β2>; β3, β4> 0 CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.0 Introduction This chapter deals with presentation and analysis of results obtained from administered questionnaire. The data gathered were presented according to the order to which they were arranged in the research questions. Descriptive statistics of sample percentage was used to analyze the demographic information of the respondents. Also, regression and correlation analysis were employed for inferential statistics. 4.1Demographic Characteristics Table 4.1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents Characteristics Frequency (n=399) Percent (%) Gender Male Female 208 176 52.1 47.9 Age 21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and above 168 103 73 55 43.8 26.8 19.0 10.4 Marital status Single Married Divorce 194 165 40 50.5 39.1 10.4 Education Qualification BSC PGD/MSC SSCE OND/HND PHD ACIB/ACA 117 66 88 30.5 13.3 22.9 88 24 16 22.9 6.3 4.2 Number of years the respondent has been usi ng the bank 0-2yrs 3-5 yrs 6-11 years 11 years above 135 76 53 135 35.2 15.9 13.8 35.2 Source: Author’s Computation, SPSS, 2024 The results presented in Table 4.1 indicate that 54.2% of the respondents are male, suggesting a higher proportion of males compared to females. Additionally, 43.8% of the respondents are in the youngest age group, while 10.4% are aged 50 and above. Specifically, 103 respondents fall within the 31-40 age range, and 73 are between 41-50 years old. Regarding marital status, 194 respondents are single, 40 are divorced, and 39.1% are married. In terms of educational qualifications, 117 respondents hold a BSc degree, while 22.9% have OND/HND qualifications. There are 51 respondents with PGD/MSc degrees and 88 with SSCE qualifications. Additionally, 4.2% of the respondents are chartered professionals, and only 6.3% hold a PhD.In terms of number of years of using the bank, 35.2% of the respondents have 0-2 years of experience, and another 35.2% have over 11 years of experience. Furthermore, 61 respondents have 3-5 years of experience, while only 13.8% have 6-11 years of using the services of the bank. 4.2 Behavioral intention Table 4.2: Behavioral intention and financial inclusion ITEMS SA A N D SD Behavioral intention to use digital banking services significantly enhances financial inclusion 166 (43.2) 138 (35.9) 47 (12.2) 24 (6.3) 9 (2.3) People’s positive attitude towards digital banking increases their likelihood of being financially included 200 (50) 140 (5) 28 (7) 16 (4) 15 (3) The intention to adopt digital banking services leads to greater access to financial services 48 (12.5) 39 (10.2) 81 (21.1) 120 (31.3) 96 (25.0) Behavioral intention to use mobile banking apps improves financial inclusion among the unbanked population 190 (48) 150 (38) 28 (7) 16 (4) 15 (3) The willingness to adopt new banking technologies positively impacts financial inclusion 230 (58) 114 (29.7) 23 (6.0) 32 (8) 0 (0) Source : Author’s Computation, SPSS, 2024 The result in the table 4.2 shows that 35.9 percent of the respondent agree that Behavioral intention to use digital banking services significantly enhances financial inclusion while 21.2 percent of the respondents are neutral about the statement. 2.3 percent strongly disagree while largely, 43.2 percent strongly agree with the statement. The result also shows that 52.1 percent of the respondent strongly agree that People’s positive attitude towards digital banking increases their likelihood of being financially included while 36.5 percent only agree with the statement. However, only 7.3 percent of the respondents are neutral about the statement while 36.5 percent strongly agree. The result also shows that 21.1 percent of the respondents are neutral about the statement that tThe intention to adopt digital banking services leads to greater access to financial services while 12.5 percent strongly agree with the statement. Also, 31.3 percent disagree, and 25 percent strongly disagree. Also 48% of the respondents strongly agreed that Behavioral intention to use mobile banking apps improves financial inclusion among the unbanked population, 38% of the respondents agreed, 7% of the respondents were neutral and 4% of the respondents disagreed 4.3 Service Trust Table 4.3: Service trust and financial inclusion ITEMS SA A N D SD Trust in digital banking services significantly enhances financial inclusion 230 (59.9) 114 (29.7) 23 (6.0) 17 (4.4) 0 Higher trust levels in digital banking institutions lead to greater financial inclusion 45 (11.7) 144 (37.5) 98 (25.2) 78 (20.3) 19 (4.9) Trust in the security of digital banking platforms is essential for financial inclusion 136 (35.4) 125 (32.3) 104 (27.3) 16 (4.2) 3 (0.8) Customers' trust in the reliability of digital banking services promotes financial inclusion 32 (8.3) 143 (37.5) 117 (30.5) 66 (17.2) 25 (6.5) Trust in digital banking service providers encourages the unbanked population to join the formal financial system 103 (26.8) 125 (32.6) 75 (19.8) 64 (16.4) 17 (4.4) Source :Author’s Computation, SPSS, 2024 The result in the table 4.3 shows that 59.9 percent of the respondent strongly agree that Trust in digital banking services significantly enhances financial inclusion and 29.7 percent only agree with the statement. It was shown that no respondents strongly disagree with the statement. 37.5 percent of the respondents agree that Higher trust levels in digital banking institutions lead to greater financial inclusion etc. are clearly presented to customers while 20.3 percent of the respondents disagree. However, 4.9 percent strongly disagree, and 11.7 percent strongly agree. The result also shows that 35.4 percent of the respondent strongly agree that Trust in the security of digital banking platforms is essential for financial inclusion while 27.3 percent of the respondents are neutral. 32.3 percent agree with the statement and 0.8 percent strongly disagree. The result shows that 37.5 of the respondents agree that Customers' trust in the reliability of digital banking services promotes financial inclusionwhile 17.2 percent of the respondents disagree. It is also sown that 6.5 percent strongly disagree and 8.3 strongly agree with the statement. Largely 32.6 percent of the respondents agree that Trust in digital banking service providers encourages the unbanked population to join the formal financial system while 16.4 of the respondents disagree with the statement. It is also shown that 19.8 of the respondents are neutral on the statement. 4.4 Social Influence Table 4.4: Social influence and financial inclusion ITEMS SA A N D SD Social influence significantly impacts the adoption of digital banking services, enhancing financial inclusion 94 (24.5) 136 (35.4) 72 (18.8) 72 (18.8) 10 (2.6) Recommendations from friends and family encourage the use of digital banking services, improving financial inclusion 103 (26.8) 224 (58.3) 32 (8.3) 17 (4.4) 8 (2.1) Social norms influence individuals’ decisions to use digital banking, affecting financial inclusion 70 (18.2) 112 (29.2) 125 (32.6) 64 (16.7) 13 (3.4) Positive social influence leads to greater adoption of digital banking services among the unbanked. 96 (25.0) 125 (32.6) 110 (28.6) 34 (8.9) 19 (4.9) Peer pressure to use digital banking services can enhance financial inclusion 96 (25.0) 150 (39.1) 67 (17.4) 50 (13.0) 21 (5.5) Source :Author’s Computation, SPSS, 2024 The result in the table 4.4 above shows that 24.5 percent of the respondents strongly agree that social influence significantly impacts the adoption of digital banking services, enhancing financial inclusion while 2.6 percent of them strongly disagree with the statement and 72 of them are neutral with the statement. Largely 58.3 percent of the respondents agree that Recommendations from friends and family encourage the use of digital banking services, improving financial inclusionwhile 4.4 percent of them disagree with the statement. It is shown that 8.3 percent of the respondents are neutral about the statement. The result shows that 18.2 of the respondents strongly agree that social norms influence individuals’ decisions to use digital banking, affecting financial inclusion and 3.4 percent of them strongly disagree with the statement while 32.6 percent of them are neutral about the statement. The result in table 4.4 shows that 32.6 percent of the respondents agree that if there are transactional mistakes, Positive social influence leads to greater adoption of digital banking services among the unbanked. It is also shown that 28.6 percent of the respondents are neutral about the statement. Also, 39.1 percent of the respondents agree that Peer pressure to use digital banking services can enhance financial inclusion and 13 percent disagree with the statement. It is shown that 67 of the respondents are neutral about the statement. 4.5 Technological Literacy ITEMS SA A N D SD High levels of technological literacy significantly enhance financial inclusion 230 (59.9) 114 (29.7) 23 (6.0) 17 (4.4) 0 Technological literacy is crucial for the effective use of digital banking services, impacting financial inclusion 45 (11.7) 144 (37.5) 98 (25.2) 78 (20.3) 19 (4.9) Lack of technological literacy is a barrier to financial inclusion through digital banking 136 (35.4) 125 (32.3) 104 (27.3) 16 (4.2) 3 (0.8) Training programs on digital banking technologies improve financial inclusion 32 (8.3) 143 (37.5) 117 (30.5) 66 (17.2) 25 (6.5) Technological literacy enhances the ability to use digital banking services, promoting financial inclusion 103 (26.8) 125 (32.6) 75 (19.8) 64 (16.4) 17 (4.4) The result in table 4.3 shows that 59.9 percent of the respondent strongly agree that high levels of technological literacy significantly enhance financial inclusion and 29.7 percent only agree with the statement. It was shown that no respondents strongly disagree with the statement. 37.5 percent of the respondents agree that technological literacy is crucial for the effective use of digital banking services, impacting financial inclusion while 20.3 percent of the respondents disagree. However, 4.9 percent strongly disagree, and 11.7 percent strongly agree. The result also shows that 35.4 percent of the respondents strongly agree that Lack of technological literacy is a barrier to financial inclusion through digital banking while 27.3 percent of the respondents are neutral. 32.3 percent agree with the statement and 0.8 percent strongly disagree. The result shows that 37.5 percent of the respondents agree that Training programs on digital banking technologies improve financial inclusion while 17.2 percent of the respondents disagree. It is also shown that 6.5 percent strongly disagree and 8.3 strongly agree with the statement. Largely 32.6 percent of the respondents agree that Technological literacy enhances the ability to use digital banking services, promoting financial inclusion while 16.4 of the respondents disagree with the statement. It is also shown that 19.8 of the respondents are neutral on the statement. 4.6 Financial Inclusion Table 4.5: Social influence and financial inclusion S/N SA A N D SD Digital banking technology has significantly improved financial inclusion 144 (37.5) 144 (37.5) 45 (11.7) 19 (4.9) 32 (8.3) Access to digital banking services has increased the number of financially included individuals 80 (20.8) 134 (34.9) 90 (23.4) 74 (19.3) 6 (1.6) Financial inclusion is essential for economic development in Nigeria 80 (20.8) 152 (39.6) 59 (15.4) 69 (18.0) 24 (6.3) The availability of mobile banking has improved financial inclusion rates in rural areas 127 (33.1) 109 (28.4) 80 (20.8) 50 (13.0) 18 (4.7) Digital banking services have made financial transactions more accessible to the unbanked population 137 (35.7) 191 (49.7) 32(8.3) 15(3.9) 9(2.3) Source :Author’s Computation, SPSS, 2024 The results in the table 4.5 shows that 37.5 percent of the respondents strongly agree that digital banking technology help customers to attain personal financial inclusion and 8.3 percent of the respondents strongly disagree with the statement while 11.7 percent of the total respondents are neutral about the statement. It is shown that 34.9 percent of the respondents agree that Access to digital banking services has increased the number of financially included individuals and 19.3 percent disagree with the statement while 23.4 percent are neutral about the statement. Largely 39.6 percent of the respondents agree that overall financial inclusion is better achieved through digital banking technology s and 18 percent disagree with the statement while 15.4 percent of the respondents are neutral. It is shown that 33.1 percent of the respondents strongly agree that financial inclusion is essential for economic development in Nigeria and 4.7 percent strongly disagree while 20.8 percent are neutral. Largely, 49.7 percent of the respondents agree that Digital banking services have made financial transactions more accessible to the unbanked population and 3.9 percent disagree with the statement while 8.3 percent of them are neutral about the statement. 4.7 Regression Analysis 4.7.1. Normality and Reliability Tests The Table 1 Below Exhibits Reliability Statistics, Showcasing A Cronbach's Alpha for evaluating the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria Table 4.6.1: Reliability analysis Number of Items Cronbach's Alpha Financial inclusion 0.898 Behavioral intention 0.756 Service trust 0.845 Social influence 0.786 Technological literacy 0.798 Source: Author’s Computation, 2024 The reliability statistics presented in the table demonstrate the internal consistency of the items used to evaluate the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion. The overall scale for financial inclusion has a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.898, indicating excellent internal consistency among the items. This high alpha value suggests that the items are highly reliable in capturing the overall effect of financial inclusion.For the subscale measuring the Behavioral intention, the Cronbach's alpha value is 0.756. This value indicates good internal consistency, meaning the items reliably measure the perceived impact of behavioral intention on financial inclusion. The subscale for Service trust has a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.845, also indicating high internal consistency. This suggests that the items are consistent in measuring how service trust affects financial inclusion.The subscale for social influence has a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.786, also indicating high internal consistency. This suggests that the items are consistent in measuring how social influence affects financial inclusion. Lastly, the subscale assessing the influence of technological literacy on financial inclusion has a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.798. This value reflects good internal consistency, indicating that the items effectively measure the influence of technological literacy on financial inclusion.Overall, these reliability statistics indicate that the items used in the study are reliable and consistent in measuring the effects of behavioral intention,service trust,social influence, and technological literacy on financial inclusion in Kwara state. 4.7.2. Model Summary Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Behavioral Intention .971a .943 .943 1.26724 Service trust .981b .962 .962 1.03053 Social influence .982c .965 .965 .99117 Technological literacy .982d .967 .967 .99118 a. Predictors: (Constant), Behavioral intention, service trust, social influence and technological literacy The result of the effect of the behavioural intention shows a coefficient of determination of R-squared = 0.943 (94%) and adjusted R-squared is 0.943 (94%). This shows that 94% of the total variation in financial inclusion is explained by the variations in the specified independent variable (Behavioral intention).The result of the effect of the service trust shows a coefficient of determination of R-squared = 0.962 (96.2%) and adjusted R-squared is 0.962 (96.2%). This shows that 96% of the total variation in financial inclusion is explained by the variations in the specified independent variable (Service trust). The result of the effect of the social influence shows a coefficient of determination of R-squared = 0.965 (96.5%) and adjusted R-squared is 0.965 (96.5%). This shows that 96% of the total variation in financial inclusion is explained by the variations in the specified independent variable (Social influence). Also, the result of the effect of the technological literacy shows a coefficient of determination of R-squared = 0.967 (96.5%) and adjusted R-squared is 0.967 (96.7%). This shows that 96.7% of the total variation in financial inclusion is explained by the variations in the specified independent variable (Technological literacy). 4.7.3. Anova ANOVAa Variables Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Behavioral intention Regression 10146.897 1 10146.897 6318.507 000a Residual 613.454 382 1.606 Service Trust Regression 10354.667 1 10354.667 9750.141 .000b Residual 405.685 382 1.062 Social influence Regression 10385.068 1 10385.068 10570.936 .000c Residual 375.283 382 .982 Technological literacy Regression 10385.068 1 10385.068 10570.982 .000d Residual 375.283 382 .982 Total 43041.85 383 a. Dependent Variable: Financial inclusions b. Predictors: (Constant), Behavioral intention, service trust, social influence and technological literacy Table 4.6.3 shows the ANOVA test of results. F Statistic is used to assess the collective influence of the explanatory variable (Behavioral intention) on the dependent variable (financial inclusion). The rule is that if the p-value is less than 5%, the independent variable jointly and significantly impacts on the response variable. The F Statistic in this study is 6318.507 and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05). The F-test results (6318.507) with p < 0.001 as depicted in Table 4.6.3indicates clearly that behavioural intention is significant in explaining financial inclusion. Table 4.6.3 shows the ANOVA test of results. F Statistic is used to assess the collective influence of the explanatory variable (Service trust) on the dependent variable (financial inclusion). The rule is that if the p-value is less than 5%, the independent variable jointly and significantly impacts on the response variable. The F Statistic in this study is 9750.141 and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05). The F-test results (9750.141) with p < 0.001 as depicted in Table 4.11indicates clearly that Service trust is significant in explaining financial inclusion. Table 4.6.3 shows the ANOVA test of results. F Statistic is used to assess the collective influence of the explanatory variable (Social influence) on the dependent variable (financial inclusion). The rule is that if the p-value is less than 5%, the independent variable jointly and significantly impacts on the response variable. The F Statistic in this study is 10570.936 and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05). The F-test results (10570.936) with p < 0.001 as depicted in Table 4.14indicates clearly that social influence is significant in explaining financial inclusion. Table 4.6.3 shows the ANOVA test of results. F Statistic is used to assess the collective influence of the explanatory variable (Technological literacy) on the dependent variable (financial inclusion). The rule is that if the p-value is less than 5%, the independent variable jointly and significantly impacts on the response variable. The F Statistic in this study is 10570.982 and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05). The F-test results (10570.982) with p < 0.001 as depicted in Table 4.6.3indicates clearly that Technological literacy is significant in explaining financial inclusion. This result shows that the model is a good fit and statistically significant. It further reveals that all the explanatory variables collectively impact on financial inclusion is significantly. 4.7.4. Summary of Co-efficient Coefficientsa,b,c,d Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -1.224 .169 -7.238 .000 Behavioral intention 1.779 .022 .971 79.489 .000 2 (Constant) -1.174 .136 -8.640 .000 Service trust 1.083 .011 .981 98.743 .000 3 (Constant) -.686 .126 -5.452 .000 Social influence 1.020 .010 .982 102.817 .000 4 (Constant) -.686 .126 -5.452 .000 Technological literacy 1.022 .010 .982 102.826 .000 a.Dependent Variable: Financial inclusions The summary of the coefficients is given as follows: the table reveals that the magnitude of impact stands at just 1.779, that is, a unit increase in Behavioral intention will increasefinancial inclusion by 1.779 percent point. The results also show a positive and significant association between behavioral intention and financial inclusion Also, the table reveals that the magnitude of impact stands at just 1.083, that is, a unit increase in Service trust will increasefinancial inclusion by 1.083 percent point. The results also show a positive and significant association between Service trust and financial inclusion. The table also reveals that the magnitude of impact stands at just 1.020, that is, a unit increase in social influence will increasefinancial inclusion by 1.020 percent point. The results also show a positive and significant association between social influence and financial inclusion. The table reveals that the magnitude of impact stands at just 1.022, that is, a unit increase in Technological literacy will increasefinancial inclusion by 1.022 percent point. The results also show a positive and significant association between Technological literacy and financial inclusion 4.8. Discussion of Findings Behavioral Intention: The study found a positive and significant association between behavioral intention and financial inclusion. This suggests that the willingness and intention of individuals to use digital banking technologies are crucial in determining their level of financial inclusion. The economic and practical Implications are that encouraging behavioral intention to adopt digital banking could lead to increased financial inclusion, especially among the unbanked and underbanked populations. Also, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) supports this finding, as it posits that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness significantly influence an individual's intention to use technology. Behavioural intention, in this context, is directly related to how users perceive the functionality and simplicity of digital banking services. Finally, Juxtaposition with Previous Studies, Like the findings of (Weigand and Tariq, 2017), who highlighted that digital financial services influence firm performance, this study also emphasizes the importance of behavioral intention in the adoption of digital financial services. However, while Weigand and Tariq focused on firm performance, this study focuses on individual financial inclusion. Service Trust: The study reveals a positive and significant relationship between service trust and financial inclusion. Trust in digital banking services plays a crucial role in determining whether individuals will use these services. The economic and practical Implications are that building trust in digital banking platforms is essential for increasing financial inclusion. Trust can be enhanced by ensuring the security of digital transactions, providing reliable customer service, and maintaining transparency in banking operations. TAM also highlights the importance of perceived trust in technology adoption. If users trust the digital banking services, they are more likely to adopt and use them, leading to greater financial inclusion. Finally, Juxtaposition with previous studies indicates that the finding aligns with the study of (Asif et al. 2023), who also found that fintech and digital financial services significantly contribute to financial inclusion in India. Trust is a crucial component in both contexts, as it determines the level of adoption of digital financial services. Social Influence: The study findings revealed that social influence has a significant positive impact on financial inclusion. This means that the opinions and behaviors of peers, family, and community members can significantly influence an individual's decision to use digital banking services. The economic and practical Implications are that leveraging social influence could be a practical strategy for increasing financial inclusion. Financial institutions can use social networks, community leaders, and influencers to promote digital banking services, thereby encouraging wider adoption among communities. Also, TAM suggests that social influence affects behavioral intention, as individuals are often influenced by the perceived expectations of others. In the context of digital banking, if people perceive that using these services is socially acceptable or even expected, they are more likely to adopt them. Finally, Juxtaposition with previous Studies indicates that the findings resonate with (Natsir, Arifin, and Ronald, 2023), who identified the importance of financial literacy and social influence in the adoption of digital banking services in Jakarta. Social influence, like financial literacy, plays a mediating role in encouraging financial inclusion through digital platforms. Technological Literacy: The study found a positive and significant relationship between technological literacy and financial inclusion. Higher levels of technological literacy among individuals lead to greater use of digital banking services, contributing to financial inclusion. The economic and practical Implications are that enhancing technological literacy, particularly in underserved areas, is crucial for expanding financial inclusion. Educational programs aimed at improving digital skills can empower individuals to use digital banking services, thereby bridging the financial inclusion gap. According to TAM, the ease with which individuals can use technology (which is enhanced by technological literacy) directly impacts their willingness to adopt that technology. Thus, technological literacy is essential for the widespread adoption of digital banking. Finally, Juxtaposition with previous Studies indicates that this finding aligns with (Amrita Chatterjee, 2020), who found that information and communication technology positively influences financial inclusion. Both studies underscore the importance of technological literacy in enabling individuals to access and benefit from digital financial services. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on the summary of this research work as well as its findings and provide relevant conclusion drawn from its findings and giverecommendation based on the conclusion. Therefore, the chapter comprises of three sections, which include, the summary section, which gives a summarized version of the study, the conclusion section, which provides the conclusion from the findings of the study and the recommendation section, which provides the recommendations based on the findings. 5.2. Summary This study investigated the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. This study was anchored on technology acceptance model, which posits that the perception towards new technology (which) has a direct relationship to its functionality as well as the simplicity of the system. The study reviewed empirical studies on developed countries, developing countries and Nigeria. Methodology details the research design, population, sample size determination, data collection methods, validity, reliability, data analysis techniques, and model specification. The descriptive research design was chosen, appropriate for examining the relationship between the impact of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria. The population of the study is 1,088,317 customers in selected deposit money banks consisting of the following (First bank level 167,397; GTB bank, 522,000; Zenith bank;150,000; UBA Bank, 108,000, Access bank;140,920) in ilorin, Kwara state with a sample size of 399 determined through Taro Yamane formula. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized for primary data collection, ensuring data security during distribution and retrieval. Validity and reliability were maintained through structured questions and Likert-scale items. Data analysis utilized SPSS software, employing descriptive and inferential statistics to explore relationships between variables 5.3 Conclusion In conclusion, the study on the effect of digital banking technology on financial inclusion in Nigeria, focusing on key banks in the Ilorin metropolis, demonstrates a robust and positive relationship between digital banking factors and financial inclusion. The findings indicate that behavioral intention, service trust, technological literacy, and social influence all have significant positive impacts on financial inclusion. This suggests that the adoption of digital banking technologies is crucial in enhancing financial inclusion in Nigeria, particularly among the customers of First Bank, Zenith Bank, GTB, UBA, and Access Bank. The implications of these conclusions are critical for policymakers, financial institutions, and stakeholders aiming to improve financial inclusion. By fostering behavioral intention toward digital banking, enhancing service trust, improving technological literacy, and leveraging social influence, banks can effectively increase their reach to the unbanked and underbanked populations. This would not only promote greater financial inclusion but also drive economic growth and stability by ensuring broader access to financial services across the country. Banks should therefore prioritize strategies that enhance customer trust, literacy, and social engagement with digital banking platforms to further integrate more individuals into the formal financial system 5.4 Recommendation Based the results obtained, the following recommendations have been made: 1. Based on the significant positive effect of Behavioral intention on financial inclusion, the study shows that the banks should focus on improving the user experience of digital banking platforms to increase users' behavioral intention to adopt and use these services. 2. The significant positive impact of Service trust on banks financial inclusion shows that the Service trust has significant positive impact on banks financial inclusion. Therefore, the study recommends that the banks should enhance the security features of digital banking platforms to build and maintain trust. 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Annual Review Of Psychology Volume 72, 2021 Vol. 72:367-390 (Volume publication date January 2021) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-070620-111818 First published as a Review in Advance on September 15, 2020 Shah S.S & Asghar Z (2023), Dynamics of social influence on consumption choices: A social network representation. Research Article Volume 9, Issue 6 e17146June 2023 Nwosu N.T & Ilori O (2024), Behavioral Finance and Financial Inclusion; A Conceptual Review and Framework Development. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ; ISSN Approved International Journal with High Impact Factor for fast publication of Research and Review articles. Article DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.3.1726; Rosário A.T & Dias J.C (2023), How has data-driven marketing evolved: Challenges and opportunities with emerging technologies. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights. Volume 3, Issue 2, November 2023, 100203 Ozili P.K (2020), Theories of Financial Inclusion. Uncertainty and Challenges in Contemporary Economic Behaviour; ISBN: 978-1-80043-096-9, eISBN: 978-1-80043-095-2 Publication date: 25 September 2020 Katnic I, Katnic M, Orlandic M, Radunovic M, & Mugosa I (2024), Understanding the Role of Financial Literacy in Enhancing Economic Stability and Resilience in Montenegro: A Data-Driven Approach. Sustainability 2024, 16(24), 11065; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411065 Submission received: 19 November 2024 / Revised: 8 December 2024 / Accepted: 13 December 2024 / Published: 17 December 2024 Demirgüç-Kunt A, Klapper L , Singer D, Ansar S &Hess J, (2020), The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and Opportunities to Expand Access to and Use of Financial Services. The World Bank Economic Review, Volume 34, Issue Supplement_1, February 2020, Pages S2_S8, https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz013 Published:10 January 2020 Liang H, Hussain M & Iqba A, (2025), The Dynamic Role of Green Innovation Adoption and Green Technology Adoption in the Digital Economy: The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Creative Enterprise and Financial Capability. Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073176 Submission received: 4 March 2025 / Revised: 25 March 2025 / Accepted: 26 March 2025 / Published: 3 April 2025 Megersa K, (2020),Improving SMEs’ Access to Finance Through Capital Markets and Innovative Financing Instruments: Some Evidence from Developing Countries. 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(2020), "Key challenges to digital financial services in emerging economies: the Indian context", Information Technology & People, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 198-229. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2018-0243 APPENDIX A1 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid male 208 54.2 54.2 54.2 female 176 45.8 45.8 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 A2 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 21-30 168 43.8 43.8 43.8 31-40 103 26.8 26.8 70.6 41-50 73 19.0 19.0 89.6 50 and above 40 10.4 10.4 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 A3 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid married 150 39.1 39.1 39.1 Single 194 50.5 50.5 89.6 Divorce 40 10.4 10.4 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 A4 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SSCE/NCE 88 22.9 22.9 22.9 OND/NHD 88 22.9 22.9 45.8 BSC 117 30.5 30.5 76.3 PGD/MSC 51 13.3 13.3 89.6 PHD 24 6.3 6.3 95.8 ACIB/ACA 16 4.2 4.2 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 A5 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0-2 years 135 35.2 35.2 35.2 3-5 years 61 15.9 15.9 51.0 6-11 years 53 13.8 13.8 64.8 11 years and above 135 35.2 35.2 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 B1 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 166 43.2 43.2 43.2 A 138 35.9 35.9 79.2 N 47 12.2 12.2 91.4 D 24 6.3 6.3 97.7 SD 9 2.3 2.3 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 B2 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 200 52.1 52.1 52.1 A 140 36.5 36.5 88.5 N 28 7.3 7.3 95.8 D 16 4.2 4.2 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 B3 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 48 12.5 12.5 12.5 A 39 10.2 10.2 22.7 N 81 21.1 21.1 43.8 D 120 31.3 31.3 75.0 SD 96 25.0 25.0 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 B4 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 230 59.9 59.9 59.9 A 114 29.7 29.7 89.6 N 23 6.0 6.0 95.6 D 17 4.4 4.4 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 B5 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 45 11.7 11.7 11.7 A 144 37.5 37.5 49.2 N 98 25.5 25.5 74.7 D 78 20.3 20.3 95.1 SD 19 4.9 4.9 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 C1 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 136 35.4 35.4 35.4 A 124 32.3 32.3 67.7 N 105 27.3 27.3 95.1 D 16 4.2 4.2 99.2 SD 3 .8 .8 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 C2 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 32 8.3 8.3 8.3 A 144 37.5 37.5 45.8 N 117 30.5 30.5 76.3 D 66 17.2 17.2 93.5 SD 25 6.5 6.5 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 C3 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 103 26.8 26.8 26.8 A 125 32.6 32.6 59.4 N 76 19.8 19.8 79.2 D 63 16.4 16.4 95.6 SD 17 4.4 4.4 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 C4 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 94 24.5 24.5 24.5 A 136 35.4 35.4 59.9 N 72 18.8 18.8 78.6 D 72 18.8 18.8 97.4 SD 10 2.6 2.6 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 C5 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 103 26.8 26.8 26.8 A 224 58.3 58.3 85.2 N 32 8.3 8.3 93.5 D 17 4.4 4.4 97.9 SD 8 2.1 2.1 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 D1 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 70 18.2 18.2 18.2 A 112 29.2 29.2 47.4 N 125 32.6 32.6 79.9 D 64 16.7 16.7 96.6 SD 13 3.4 3.4 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 D2 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 96 25.0 25.0 25.0 A 125 32.6 32.6 57.6 N 110 28.6 28.6 86.2 D 34 8.9 8.9 95.1 SD 19 4.9 4.9 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 D3 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 96 25.0 25.0 25.0 A 150 39.1 39.1 64.1 N 67 17.4 17.4 81.5 D 50 13.0 13.0 94.5 SD 21 5.5 5.5 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 D4 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 144 37.5 37.5 37.5 A 144 37.5 37.5 75.0 N 45 11.7 11.7 86.7 D 19 4.9 4.9 91.7 SD 32 8.3 8.3 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 D5 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 80 20.8 20.8 20.8 A 134 34.9 34.9 55.7 N 90 23.4 23.4 79.2 D 74 19.3 19.3 98.4 SD 6 1.6 1.6 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 E1 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 80 20.8 20.8 20.8 A 152 39.6 39.6 60.4 N 59 15.4 15.4 75.8 D 69 18.0 18.0 93.8 SD 24 6.3 6.3 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 E2 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 127 33.1 33.1 33.1 A 109 28.4 28.4 61.5 N 80 20.8 20.8 82.3 D 50 13.0 13.0 95.3 SD 18 4.7 4.7 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 E3 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 137 35.7 35.7 35.7 A 191 49.7 49.7 85.4 N 32 8.3 8.3 93.8 D 15 3.9 3.9 97.7 SD 9 2.3 2.3 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 E4 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 127 33.1 33.1 33.1 A 109 28.4 28.4 61.5 N 80 20.8 20.8 82.3 D 50 13.0 13.0 95.3 SD 18 4.7 4.7 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 E5 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid SA 80 20.8 20.8 20.8 A 152 39.6 39.6 60.4 N 59 15.4 15.4 75.8 D 69 18.0 18.0 93.8 SD 24 6.3 6.3 100.0 Total 399 100.0 100.0 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Behavioral Intention .971a .943 .943 1.26724 Service trust .981b .962 .962 1.03053 Social influence .982c .965 .965 .99117 Technological literacy .982d .967 .967 .99118 a. Predictors: (Constant), Behavioral intention, service trust, social influence and technological literacy ANOVAa Variables Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Behavioral intention Regression 10146.897 1 10146.897 6318.507 000a Residual 613.454 382 1.606 Service Trust Regression 10354.667 1 10354.667 9750.141 .000b Residual 405.685 382 1.062 Social influence Regression 10385.068 1 10385.068 10570.936 .000c Residual 375.283 382 .982 Technological literacy Regression 10385.068 1 10385.068 10570.982 .000d Residual 375.283 382 .982 Total 43041.85 383 a. Dependent Variable: Financial inclusions b. Predictors: (Constant), Behavioral intention Coefficientsa,b,c,d Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) -1.224 .169 -7.238 .000 Behavioral intention 1.779 .022 .971 79.489 .000 2 (Constant) -1.174 .136 -8.640 .000 Service trust 1.083 .011 .981 98.743 .000 3 (Constant) -.686 .126 -5.452 .000 Social influence 1.020 .010 .982 102.817 .000 4 (Constant) -.686 .126 -5.452 .000 Technological literacy 1.022 .010 .982 102.826 .000 a. Dependent Variable: Financial inclusions
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Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna · 2026 · NDN PRJ-3040461531778953342
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF GPA OF STUDENTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SPECIAL NEEDS EDUACTION AND REHABILITATION SCIENCES KADUNA POLYTECHNIC
Elisha Zachiyiang Duniya · HND · Psycho Social Rehabilitation Science
ABSTRACT This study investigated the longitudinal academic performance of students with hearing impairment in the Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic. The primary focus was on the Grade Point Average (GPA) progression of both National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) students from the 1st to the 4th semester. The objectives of the study were to: assess the entry result GPA of ND and HND students, and compare the progressive GPA results between the two groups. A descriptive and longitudinal research design was adopted. Four ND students and four HND students were purposively selected as the sample. Their semester-wise GPAs were collected, organized, and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum) and inferential statistics (paired t-test) to identify trends, variations, and statistically significant differences. The findings revealed that ND students exhibited steady and consistent GPA progression across all four semesters, while HND students showed greater variability in GPA but demonstrated overall improvement by the 4th semester. Comparative analysis indicated that ND students had slightly higher GPAs, but the difference between ND and HND mean GPAs was not statistically significant, as confirmed by the paired t-test (t = 0.746, p > 0.05). The study concluded that students with hearing impairment are capable of maintaining consistent academic performance with proper institutional support and adaptive learning strategies. Recommendations were made for the polytechnic, lecturers, and students to enhance academic support systems, promote inclusive education practices, and conduct further research on the impact of social and psychological factors on academic performance.
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University of Maiduguri, Borno State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-304023431778953341
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA
Mercy John · BSc · Biochemistry
ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a global health challenge characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion. A key therapeutic strategy for managing this condition involves inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, an enzyme in the small intestine responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates into glucose. By delaying carbohydrate digestion, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors help reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, offering a vital approach to glycemic control. However, synthetic inhibitors like acarbose often cause gastrointestinal side effects, prompting the search for natural, plant-based alternatives with fewer adverse effects. Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as roselle, is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its rich phytochemical profile, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which exhibit diverse pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic potential. The leaves and fruits (calyces) of Hibiscus sabdariffa have been traditionally used in herbal medicine across various cultures to manage ailments, including diabetes. Recent studies suggest that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of these plant parts possess significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, attributed to their bioactive constituents, such as protocatechuic acid and delphinidin-3- sambubioside. These extracts offer a promising avenue for developing natural antidiabetic agents, leveraging their efficacy and cultural acceptability in traditional medicine.
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Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-2987371931778953296
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT TERNARY GRAPHENE/CU0/ZNO NANOCOMPOSITE FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL ORANGE UNDER SUNLIGHT
Emmanuel Ayomide Oyero · BSc · Chemistry
ABSTRACT The scalabale and economical synthesis approach of nanomaterials has always been demanded since their discovery as very useful materials in the degradation of hazardous dyes. In this study, the synthesis of an effective graphene/CuO/ZnO nanocomposite was carried out using hydrothermal and microwave-assisted synthesis approach. ZnO nanorods were made by the hydrothermal technique of synthesis, whereas CuO and graphite nanomaterials were made with the use of a microwave. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the produced samples were examined. XRD was used to validate the hexagonal lattice structure of graphene, the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO, the monoclimic structure of CuO, and a combination of the structural composition of the nanoparticles for the nanocomposite, while UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the optical properties of the synthesized nanomaterials and temary nanocomposite. The band gap of ZnO, CuO, Graphite nanomaterials and the Zn0/CuO/Graphite nanocomposite are estimated to be 3.15¢V, 2.63¢V, 3.25¢V and 2.9¢V respectively. Characterization results demonstrated that synthesized nanoparticles and ternary nanocomposite with least band gap energy have potential photocatalytic ability for degradation of dyes. This study also demonstrated that hydrothermal and microwave-assisted nanoparticle synthesis can serve as scalable and effective methods of synthesizing photocatalyst for the degradation of industrial dyes.
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Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru, Niger State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-30267420731778952683
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SMART INTERNET OF THINGS FIRE OUTBREAK DETECTION ALERT SYSTEM
Hassan Abdullahi · HND · Electrical electrons engineering
The Internet of Things refers to connecting things and people through internet, it has imposed itself as the New business practices in different sectors. To make quick and efficient response in real time, IoT enhances the way and provides emergency managers with the necessary information and communication to make use of those assets. In this paper it is proposed that a quick response for fire hazards is evaluated and examined by using IoT based model. Fire is one of the major reasons of accidental deaths in the world. To implement this proposed system a low-cost Wi-Fi module, gas detection sensor, Flame detection sensor, buzzer to alert and temperature sensors are used. The sensors detects and alerts the local emergency with the data collected by the system, and alerts organizations like fire departments, police stations and hospitals by sending the exact location to both user and operator through module which all are well connected with. Thus, an integrated intelligent system is designed through IoT to manage such hazards where innocent lives and property
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Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-2964221831778952628
GRASSROOT DEMOCRACY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF EHIME MBANO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN IMO STATE (2019-2023)
Ngozidirichukwu Emmanuel Adozima · BSc · Government and Public Administration
This work focuses on grassroot democracy and rural development in Nigeria with reference to Ehime Mbano Local Government Area Imo State (2019-2023). Grassroots democracy has been touted as a panacea for rural development, as it enables active citizen participation and inclusive decision-making. This study examines the relationship between grassroots democracy and rural development in Ehime Mbano Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The study made use of system theory using a quantitative data analysis to explain the work. The findings shows that the functioning of grassroots democratic institutions, such as town union meetings and community development committees will facilitate the implementation of rural development projects, including road construction, healthcare facilities, and education infrastructure. Moreover, the study highlights the critical role of traditional leaders and community-based organizations in promoting grassroots democracy and rural development. Specifically, the study suggest that the Imo State Government and other stakeholders should prioritise capacity building for local government officials, support civic education and community mobilization and invest in rural infrastructure and social services.
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Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-3034592031778952399
PHYSIOCOCHEMICAL, CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TIGERNUT (CYPERUS ESCULENTUS) OIL EXTRACTED USING HEXANE AND ETHANOL SOLVENT
David Ibrahim · BSc · Industrial Chemistry
The increasing demand for sustainable and nutritionally valuable vegetable oils has highlighted the need to explore underutilized crops such as tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus). This study investigated the extraction and physicochemical characterization of tiger nut oil using two different solvents hexane and ethanol in order to compare their extraction efficiency and oil quality. Oil extraction was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus with hexane and maceration with ethanol, after which the oils were analysed for yield, and key physicochemical parameters. The results revealed that hexane gave a higher oil yield (28.7 ± 0.35%) compared to ethanol (22.8 ± 0.30%), indicating its superior efficiency as a non-polar solvent. Physicochemical analyses showed acid values between 2.85–3.12 mg KOH/g, iodine values of 80–82 g I₂/100 g, and saponification values of 185–188 mg KOH/g, all within Codex Alimentarius standards for edible oils. Fatty acid profiling further showed oleic acid (~65%) as the dominant fatty acid, comparable to olive oil, suggesting potential cardioprotective benefits. In conclusion, hexane proved more effective for oil recovery, while ethanol. Tiger nut oil therefore represents a high-quality edible oil with applications in food, cosmetics, and industrial formulations.
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Federal Polytechnic, Kaura/Namoda, Zamfara State · 2026 · NDN PRJ-25998347531778952246
IMPACT OF NAIRA REDESIGN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES (A CASE STUDY OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES KAURA NAMODA, ZAMFARA STATE)
Peace Odigbo · HND · BANKING AND FINANCE
ABSTRACT In other to determine the impact naira redesign objectives by the CBN on the economy, the study explores the naira redesign impact on the performance of small scale businesses in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State Nigeria. Descriptive research design was used for the study. The research population consists of all 10 small scale businesses in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State. Upon the application of the sample size formula the sample size stood approximately at 10. Primary data was obtained through the administration of questionnaire, of which only 11 Tables, simple percentage and frequency count was use to analyzed data while the Pearson Product Moment Correlation was use to confirm the stated hypotheses via statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. From the tested hypotheses the objective of naira hoarding and restraining counterfeiting had a strong positive significant impact on the performance of small scale business in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State while. Built on the findings the study recommends that government should set up an agency that will assess the working capital requirement of Small Scale Business in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State and make such funds available to them to facilitate their operations. The government should also ensure effectiveness of both monetary and fiscal policies to create an enabling environment for Small Scale Business in Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State.
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