Search NAPiD.

This study examines the growth and development of Orumba North Local Government Area (LGA) in Anambra State from 1991 to 2022. It explores key areas such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, agriculture, and socioeconomic activities, with an emphasis on identifying the factors that have shaped the area’s development trajectory over three decades. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws on both quantitative data and qualitative insights from local residents, government records, and expert interviews. Findings reveal that despite significant strides in infrastructure and educational development, challenges persist, particularly in areas such as healthcare accessibility, road networks, and economic diversification. The research highlights the role of government policies, community initiatives, and external investments in driving progress, while also addressing the constraints posed by environmental factors and inadequate public funding. The study concludes that while Orumba North LGA has made considerable advancements, sustained growth requires strategic planning, improved governance, and targeted investments to overcome existing developmental challenges and further enhance the living conditions of its residents.

The study examined the effect of marketing mix on patronage of Ekiti State University Pure Water Factory in Ado Ekiti. The specific objectives are to: determine the effect of product strategy on patronage; examine the effect of price strategy on patronage; determine the effect of placing strategy on patronage; evaluate the effect of promotional strategies on patronage. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The entire consumers Ekiti State University Pure Water Factory in Ado-Ekiti form the study population. The sample size was 109 which were randomly selected. Primary data used for the study were gathered through structured questionnaire. Questionnaire was used to elicit information from the target respondents. Data gathered were analyzed using regression model. The result showed that product strategy positively affect patronage as it was significant on patronage (R=0.443, t=5.367 < 0.05); it further showed that price strategy affects patronage as it was significant on patronage (R=0.601, t= 9.987 < 0.05); furthermore, it showed that placing strategy affect patronage positively as it was significant on patronage (R=0.419, t=3.890 < 0.05) and finally, it showed that promotional strategy affect patronage positively as it was significant on patronage (R=0.553, t=6.695 < 0.05). Thus, it concluded that marketing strategy positively affects patronage.

This paper seeks to analyze the biochemical properties of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and assess the efficacy of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), itself and the synergistic effect when used simultaneously with garlic (Allium sativum), and black seed (Nigella sativa). The control used for comparison was the antibiotic, cefuroxime.<br> Histological and biochemical characterization included positive Giemsa staining, the presence of a spiral rod, typical motility, and positive tests for catalase, oxidase, and urease activities. All these characteristics are significant for the bacterium to exist and cause pathology in the gastric niche.<br> The antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that ginger extract exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity against H. pylori than turmeric extract, with inhibition zones of 21.5±0.5 mm and 12.5±0.5 mm respectively at the highest concentration of 100 mg/mL. The synergy testing with the combined ethanolic extract of turmeric, ginger, garlic, and black seed (TGgB Extract) showed significantly enhanced antimicrobial effects, producing a 28.5±0.5 mm inhibition zone at 100 mg/mL.<br> Cefuroxime, in the control samples, produced an inhibition zone of 30 mm. The TGgB extract efficacy came close to that of cefuroxime, and thus the ethanolic combined Turmeric, Ginger, Garlic, and Black seed extract could be a good natural source in managing H. pylori, especially given the current rise in antibiotic resistant strains.<br> Combinational plant extracts could be useful to fight human H. pylori in the future, and this underlines the need to consider natural antibacterial substances due to the emerging issue of resistance to antibiotics.

This study investigated the impact of performance placement on English Language achievement in junior secondary school students, focusing on high- and low-performing groups across three academic sessions. Data from African Church Grammar School, Abeokuta, show a notable gap between top and bottom performers, with high-achieving students consistently scoring above average and exhibiting minimal score variation across terms, whereas low-performing students showed increased variability and generally lower scores. Descriptive statistics underscored this divide, as high performers’ scores clustered closely around higher mean values, while low performers demonstrated greater score dispersion. Trend analysis revealed steady progression among high achievers, in contrast to stagnant or marginally improved scores among low-performing students, suggesting placement impacts academic growth trajectories differently. The study concluded that while performance placement fosters competitive growth for high achievers, it may inadvertently widen the achievement gap, aligning with Vygotsky's “zone of proximal development” by benefiting students prepared for rigorous content. The study recommended targeted instructional strategies and enhanced feedback for low-performing students, as well as expanded support systems to bridge performance gaps, promoting equitable educational outcomes.

ABSTRACT<br> This study deals with the Zinc chloride-catalyzed synthesis of β-sitosterol from Acacia <br> auriculiformis leaves. The leaves were analyzed by evaluating the effects of temperature <br> and catalyst concentration on product yield, with characterization carried out using Gas <br> Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The samples were divided into three <br> groups: A (A1–A5, with 0.5% catalyst loading), B (B1–B2, with 1.0% catalyst loading), <br> and C (C1–C5, with 1.5% catalyst loading), each processed at different temperatures <br> (40°C–90°C). The findings revealed a decrease in dried sample weight with increasing <br> temperature due to moisture loss, with the lowest recorded at 70°C for A3 (1.56 g), 80°C <br> for A4 (1.49 g), 80°C for B2 (1.31 g), and 80°C for C4 (1.21 g), indicating significant <br> thermal decomposition. The β-sitosterol yield was significantly affected by both <br> temperature and catalyst concentration, with GC-MS analysis showing that the highest <br> yield of 21.11% (980.36 mg/g) was obtained in A3 (70°C, 0.5% catalyst loading), followed <br> by 9.56% (469.33 mg/g) in B1 (40°C, 1.0% loading), and 9.11% (441.32 mg/g) in A2 <br> (60°C, 0.5% loading). Conversely, lower β-sitosterol content was observed at higher <br> temperatures and catalyst variations, with C5 (90°C, 1.5% loading) recording the lowest <br> yield of 1.63% (79.82 mg/g), and B2 (80°C, 1.0% loading) showing 2.87% (140.56 mg/g). <br> Other significant yields included C3 (70°C, 1.5% loading) at 5.32% (260.78 mg/g) and A5 <br> (90°C, 0.5% loading) at 3.78% (183.23 mg/g). These variations indicate that moderate <br> temperatures (60–70°C) and a balanced catalyst concentration (0.5%) provide optimal <br> conditions for β-sitosterol synthesis, while excessive heating and high catalyst loadings <br> negatively impact yield. The results highlight the importance of precise reaction <br> optimization to maximize β-sitosterol extraction from Acacia auriculiformis leaves.

The study examined the impact of instructional materials in the teaching of English language in secondary schools in Etche Local Government Area, Rivers State. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. Four research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study consists of the estimated eight thousand eight hundred and sixty three (8,863) senior students. Stratified random sampling technique was use to select a sample size of 100 students for the study. A self-developed questionnaire titled, The Impact of Instructional Materials in the Teaching of English Language (IIRMTELQ) was used to collect data for the study. The research questions was answered using mean and standard deviation while the research hypotheses were analyzed using chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. The study shows that instructional materials available for teaching and learning of English language in secondary schools are available to a very low extent. English students are exposed to the use of instructional materials at the low extent. Condition of the available instructional materials to teach and learn English language in secondary schools are, Teachers and students improvise instructional materials for use in the English Language classroom at a low extent. The study recommended among others that schools, particularly public institutions, should receive increased funding from the government and education stakeholders to ensure that essential instructional materials such as textbooks, grammar books, literature texts, and digital resources are available.

This study was conducted to evaluate the health effects of psidium guajava (guava). Leaves in Dutsin-ma. This research has also demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and quinoes in the leaves extracts of P. guajava. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of quinous, tannins, glycosides and alkaloid. The chemical constituents present in the extracts have some therapeutic values. Tannins are plant metabolites well known for their antimicrobial properties. There is a significant relationship between effective are guava leaves and managing conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. It was discovered there is a significant relationship between potential adverse effects associated with the use of Psidium guajava leaves in traditional medicine in Dutsin-Ma. It concludes the leaves of Psidium guajava are rich in bioactive compounds such as glycosides, quercetin, tannins, and alkaloids, all of which contribute to the medicinal properties of the plant. It is recommended that Standardization of Dosage should be establish effective therapeutic use, a standardized dosage of guava leaf extract should be developed, taking into consideration factors like preparation methods and concentration of active compounds. And also Guava leaf extracts could be explored as active ingredients in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products aimed at managing diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, and inflammatory conditions.

ABSTRACT<br> This project focuses on developing a mobile application tailored for managing a medium-scale confectionery business. The application is designed to streamline various business operations, including inventory management, order processing, and customer engagement, while also enhancing user experience. Developed using Flutter, the app ensures cross-platform compatibility, enabling smooth functionality on both Android and iOS devices. Core features include user authentication, product browsing, a streamlined ordering system, and a payment integration that currently simulates transaction processing.