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This study evaluated the quality of shell eggs from deep litter farms sold in Umuahia, Nigeria, focusing on physical properties, proximate composition, functional characteristics, microbial contamination, and sensory attributes. Eggs were collected from five farms: Chi Poultry Farm (CPF), Udy Poultry Farm (UPF), Fryomore Farms (FPF), Emela Agric Ventures (EPF), and Amberdiamond Pure Breed Farms (APF). Key parameters analyzed included egg weight (ranging from 56.80g in APF to 59.49g in FPF), specific gravity (1.06 in CPF and UPF), shell thickness (0.33mm in UPF), and yolk index (0.32% in FPF). Proximate analysis showed that CPF eggs had the highest protein content (12.58%) and fat content (9.95%), with uniform moisture levels across samples (76%-77%). Functional properties such as water-holding capacity (3.2g/g in FPF), emulsion stability (over 80% in CPF), and foaming capacity (highest in UPF) highlighted the eggs' culinary versatility. Microbial analysis revealed contamination in all samples, with CPF and FPF showing the lowest bacterial counts (3.5 x 10³ CFU/ml), while APF had the highest contamination (6.2 x 10³ CFU/ml), including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Sensory evaluations ranked CPF eggs highest in consumer acceptability (7.60/9), followed by FPF (7.45/9), while APF eggs scored lowest (6.80/9). The study concludes that farm management practices and hygiene significantly impact egg quality, recommending stricter post-laying handling and storage protocols to reduce contamination risks and enhance consumer safety.

Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO), HIV are virus that attacks the body ‘s immune system, especially the CD4 T - cells, which are crucial for fighting infections.<br><br><br> These can be transmitted via infected bodily fluids which includes blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, and from an HIV-positive mother to her child during the prenatal period, labour and delivery, or through breastfeeding. HIV infection is a pandemic affecting the world, but sub- Saharan Africa has a higher burden. At the end of 2018, approximately 37.9 million people were living with HIV globally, while 770,000 people died from HIV-related illnesses within the same period which women of reproductive age and children are the most vulnerable groups.<br><br><br> Aim: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, perception, socio cultures factors and prevention practices of HIV transmission during pregnancy among women of reproductive age in selected communities in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.<br><br><br> Methodology: The survey was carried out among 300 women of reproductive age in Okefia, Ogo oluwa, Oke baale, Isale aro and Odi olowo. Data collection was done using semi- structured questionnaire. The data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Product for Service Solution) version 25.0.<br><br><br> Results: Findings revealed that regarding the educational level, no formal education had 0 (0.0%) with poor knowledge and (100.0%) with good knowledge. Primary had 3 (37.5%) for poor knowledge and 5 (62.5%) for good knowledge. Similarly for secondary participant, 3 (2.6%) with poor knowledge and 112 (97.4%) with good knowledge. Also, tertiary participant has no record for poor knowledge but has 176 (100.0%) for good knowledge. The chi-square value statistics 20.439 with a p-value less than 0.001, showing a marginal association that is statistically significant. Also, regarding religion, Christian participants had 5 (2.9%) with poor knowledge and 165 (97.1%) with good knowledge. Among Muslims, 1 (0.8%) had poor knowledge while 126 (99.2%) had good knowledge. Participants practicing traditional religions showed that 0 (0.0%) had poor knowledge compared to 3 (100.0%) with good knowledge. The chi-square value statistics 2.028 with a p-value of 0.363, suggesting no significant association between religion and knowledge level.<br><br><br> Conclusion: In conclusion, the level of knowledge regarding HIV among the respondents was notably substantial, with over eighty percent (80%) having knowledge of HIV, primary through school.

The research project focuses on Impact of Broadcast Media on Economy and<br> Social Lives among Rural People with free Community. The ability lo reads<br> widely disperse audience simultaneously gave the broadcast media comparative<br> advantage over other media more desirable of immediacy that make broadcast<br> media more desirable and attractive to audience. Mass media ensure that rural<br> people are seldom and involved in process of decision making and policy<br> formulation process as impeded their socio-economic development. The study was<br> anchored on agenda setting theory and social responsibility theory. The research<br> adopted survey research method to examine the impact of broadcast media on<br> economy and social lives Iree community. 150 copies of questionnaire was<br> administered among the selected respondents in and 138 copies was recovered<br> upon which analysis was made. The study revealed that broadcast media have<br> significant role to play in enhancing the social and economic lives of the rural<br> dwellers because majority of the people in rural area can neither read nor write.<br> The study therefore recommends that broadcast media should design programmes<br> that are locally oriented and suit the need of the grassroots people especially one<br> that will boost their economic and social live generally.<br> Keywords : Impact, Social Media, Economy, Social Lives, Rural People.

The study examined local government administration and rural development in Nigeria: A study of Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. It assessed the local government contributions to rural development and the challenges they face, particularly in implementing sustainable rural development. Hence, the reason for establishing local government is to bring the government to the local communities so that the local people can participate fully in the process of governance, in order to provide essential rural services and thus to speed up the pace of social, economic and political development. The primary method of data collection which involves the use of questionnaires was adopted. Simple percentage and frequency table were used in analyzing and presenting data collected specific function that contributes to the stability and equilibrium of the whole from the field. The study adopted structural functional theory developed by Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert K. Merton. The major proposition of Structural Functional Theory is that society is a complex system made up of various interconnected parts, each with a system. The findings reveal that rural development in Ikwo Local Government is uneven, driven by political interference from political elites (Political Godfathers) who direct resources to favored areas. Corruption, lack of transparency, and limited financial resources further hinder balanced development, leaving many communities underdeveloped. Disappointingly, the much-expected dividends of democracy have not been evenly distributed among the various communities by Ikwo local government. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Ikwo Local Government should implement measures to reduce political interference by promoting transparency in resource allocation, enforcing strict anti-corruption policies, decentralizing decision-making authority, and encouraging increased public involvement in rural development projects.

ABSTRACT<br> This research focused on the influence of inoculum type on biogas yield of paper waste using cow dung and rumen fluid as inoculums. Using 100 mL serum bottles as bioreactors, the experiment tested different proportions of substrate and inoculums (rumen fluid or cow dung) over a retention time of 30 days, and biogas production was measured using downward displacement method. From the results, rumen fluid inoculum achieved a slightly higher maximum daily biogas yield compared to cow dung; however, the difference was not significant (p>0.050). The highest cumulative biogas yield was observed in rumen contents reactor (894 mL gVS-) and was two times higher than the yield in cow dung reactor (444 mL gVS-') while the control had the lowest cumulative biogas yield of (159 mL gVS-'). The microbial load and population associated with the substrate and inoculums revealed higher bacterial concentration in cow dung and rumen fluid compared to paper waste. The microbial groups isolated and identified from substrate and inoculums were; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Clostridium spp., Klebsiella pneumonia, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Proteus sp. and Serratia marcescens.<br> Mono-digestion of paper waste with rumen fluid inoculum resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher biogas yield compared to cow dung inoculum. Mono digestion of paper<br> waste with rumen<br> fluid can be a viable option for managing these waste stream.<br> Additionally, using<br> appropriate inoculum (rumen fluid) biogas production can be<br> enhanced during anaerobic digestion of paper waste.

ABSTRACT <br> Investigating How Students at Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa Are Aware of the Privacy Implications and Risks Involved in Posting Personal Photos on Facebook This study investigates the level of awareness among students of Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa regarding the privacy implications and associated risks of posting personal photographs on Facebook. The key objectives were to assess students’ awareness of Facebook privacy risks, examine their knowledge of privacy settings, understand their motivations for sharing personal photos, and evaluate their willingness to adopt safer online practices. The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in the theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theory, which explain how individual awareness, perceived control, and attitudes influence behavior related to online privacy. A quantitative research methodology was employed. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to a sample of 365 students across various departments and levels. The data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages, and interpretive discussion. the findings revealed that although a large proportion of students are active Facebook users and aware of some privacy risks (e.g., strangers accessing photos or cybercriminal misuse), many lack detailed knowledge of Facebook’s privacy settings. Less than half of the students have ever reviewed their settings, and over 50% consider themselves not knowledgeable about how privacy controls work. Nonetheless, the study found strong interest among students in learning more about online safety, with the majority supporting the introduction of formal digital literacy or social media privacy training by the institution. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa introduce digital privacy training, awareness campaigns, and regular workshops on social media safety. These initiatives would equip students with practical skills and knowledge needed to navigate social platforms like Facebook more securely.

This study investigates the impact of liquidity management on the performance of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. Using key liquidity indicators such as the liquidity ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio, and cash reserve ratio, the study assesses how liquidity levels influence profitability measured by Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Secondary data were obtained from annual reports of selected banks and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin. The findings reveal that effective liquidity management significantly enhances bank performance by ensuring stability, meeting withdrawal demands, and supporting credit creation. Poor liquidity management was found to increase insolvency risks and negatively affect profitability. The study concludes that maintaining optimal liquidity levels is crucial for the operational efficiency and long-term sustainability of Nigerian banks.

ABSTRACT<br> The study examined the role of broadcast media political programmes in enhancing women political participation during the 2023 general elections in Nasarawa State. The objectives of this study are; assess the Content and Reach of NBS Political Programs: Evaluate the nature and accessibility of political programs aired by NBS during the 2023 general elections, determine the Impact on Women's Political Awareness: Investigate how these programs have influenced women's understanding of political processes and their rights, evaluate Changes in Political Participation: Analyze any shifts in women's political activities, such as voter turnout and candidacy, attributable to NBS's programming and identify Challenges and Opportunities: Explore obstacles faced by NBS in promoting women's political participation and potential strategies for improvement. The research method that was adopted for this study is the survey method. Data instrument used was questionnaire. The population of the study was one-hundred (100). The researcher sampled sixty (60) respondents for the purpose of this study. The study findings showed that NBS’s political programming contributed to an increased level of political awareness and knowledge among women in Nasarawa State. The study concluded that NBS reach among women in Nasarawa State, the available data suggests that while NBS had a broad audience, cultural and socio-economic factors influenced women's engagement with these programs. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made; Expand Outreach and Accessibility: NBS should develop more radio-based programs since radio is widely accessible, even in rural areas, ensuring that women with limited access to television can still engage with political content, Increase Women-Centered Programming: The station should introduce programs specifically designed to educate and empower women politically, including discussions led by female political figures and analysts etc.