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Abstract<br> The paper examines the effect of Western education on African cultural values, the Nigeria’s experience, from the late 19th- 20th centuries, till date. The study uses descriptive and qualitative analysis, and also cultural imperialism, imperialism and modernization theories to buttress scholarly views about western dominated cultures on Africa cultural values. The work evaluates western education that was brought into Africa as a conscious British policy to undermine the gradual pace of African development and destroyed the African Cultural Values which encompasses wide range of beliefs, customs, and traditional practices across African continent. The study ex-rays Pre-colonial Africa before the 15th century as knowledge, skills, and attitude were passed from generation to generation, and also Nigeria pre-colonial experience that covers through the stone age, late stone age, middle age and iron age, which witnessed pre-colonial industries in Nigeria through the production of pottery, metal work, salt, cloths, leather, canoe building, and calving e.t.c. The research work identifies the effects of colonialism on Africa cultural values, as the arrival of Europeans into Africa brought the missionaries and Christianity who introduced western education that distorted and corrupted the sensibilities of Africans, and the church was made free to handle the colonial educational system in Africa, the Nigeria missionaries used Western education to make their presence welcome and lasting. The study analyzes the effect of post-colonial Western education and the indelible effect on socio-cultural, economic, political lives of Africa’s advancement, and also the impact of Western education on Africa, and Nigeria in particular. The work concludes that western education only came to distort African cultural values and replaced it with alien cultures and norms. The study recommends ‘compulsory African Cultural studies’ at various levels of education in Africa, and Nigeria in particular.

This study examined funding of public libraries in Nigeria, a case study of Imo State Library Board Owerri. The general purpose of this study is to examine funding of public libraries in Nigeria, in respect to Imo State Library Board Owerri. Four specific objectives and four research questions were posed to guide this study. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study is eighty nine (89) library staff. The entire population served as the sample because it was small and manageable. The instrument used for data collection was the rating scale. Data collected for this study were presented in tables, and analysed using simple percentages. The findings of the study revealed that government subvention, endowment, reprographic services and internally generated income within the library are the major sources of funding of public libraries; donation, fines for overdue books, reprographic services and philanthropic organization are the funding of public libraries; lack of current materials, poor research, poor reading culture, poor patronage and un-satisfaction by users are the effects of poor funding of public libraries; provision of ineffective services, dereliction of duty, staff not encouraged to work hard are the implications of poor funding on staff morale of public libraries. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government should improve its financial allocation to the state library board to enable them purchase new mobile vehicle therefore, enabling them market their services and repair the broken vans and as well acquire new materials; the management board should not always wait on government to provide funds rather the library should look for other services that will yield fund; public libraries should be funded properly to enable the management acquire current materials and as well improve patronage, encourage reading culture for users satisfaction; the funding rate of public libraries should be improved so as to encourage the working morale of the staff.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical properties of Moringa oleifera seed extract, seed and leaf on some pathogens. Seeds, leaves and stem bark of Moringa oleifera were collected from a Moringa tree located at the back of Umuome, Umuguma, Owerri, Imo State. The plant parts were dried, ground and extracted. The presence of anthranoids, saponins, phenols, alkaloids and tannins were detected with leaf extract, anthraquinones, phenols, alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycosides were detected with stem extract while saponins, anthranoids. anthraquinones, phenols, alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycosides were detected with seed extract. Zones of inhibition recorded ranged from 16mm to 24mm with seed extract, 24mm with 26mm with leaf extract and 14mm to 20 with stem extract. Escherichia species was the most susceptible organism while leaf extract showed better antimicrobial activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 62.5mg/ml to 250mg/ml with seed extract, 62.5mg/ml to 125mg/ml with leaf extract and 125mg/ml to 250mg/ml with stem extract. Minimum bactericidal concentration recorded ranged 250mg/ml to 500mg/ml with seed and leaf extracts and 500mg/ml with stem extract. This study has shown that Moringa oleifera plant extracts harbour important phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenols, tannins and others. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts revealed broad antimicrobial activity against the test organisms. This shows that the seed of Moringa oleifera could be used locally against pathogens that cause infections and in pharmaceutical industries for drug production or food supplement.

This study investigated the influence of control measures on malaria incidence <br><br> among households in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State. Four research <br><br> questions were posed, and four null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. <br><br> A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. The <br><br> population of this study comprised of 95,281 adult residents between 20 and 59 <br><br> years old who reside in Calabar Municipality. Using Taro Yamane's formula, the <br><br> researcher determined the minimum sample size required for effective <br><br> generalisations to be made to the population. However, stratified and accidental <br><br> sampling procedures were adopted to select a sample of 398 adults aged 20 to 59. <br><br> Primary data were obtained in this study by administering copies of the <br><br> instruments. Data collected were statistically analysed, and the null hypotheses <br><br> were all tested at the .05 alpha level using the independent t-test statistical <br><br> technique. Findings emerged that outdoor fumigation, indoor residual spraying, <br><br> and clearing of surrounding bushes significantly influence the incidence of malaria <br><br> in Calabar Municipality respectively. Specifically, malaria incidence was higher <br><br> among households that reported low outdoor fumigation practices, low indoor <br><br> residual spraying, and low clearing of surrounding bushes compared to those with <br><br> high fumigation practice, high indoor residual spraying and high clearing of <br><br> surrounding bushes. In contrast, the use of insecticide-treated bed nets has no <br><br> significant influence on malaria incidence in Calabar Municipality. No significant <br><br> mean difference in malaria incidence was recorded for households with high and <br><br> low use of insecticide-treated bed nets in Calabar Municipality. Based on these <br><br> findings, it was concluded that while bed nets remain a widely advocated <br><br> preventive measure, their effectiveness may vary depending on local contexts and <br><br> other concurrent interventions. It was recommended, among others, that <br><br> households should actively participate in fumigation activities, ensure thorough <br><br> coverage of outdoor areas, and maintain regularity in fumigation efforts.

ABSTRACT<br><br><br><br> Agriculture remains the mainstay of mankind. Wise nations all over the globe give it a priority by developing and exploiting this sector. Despite this, the productive capacity of the sector has declined in recent years as a result of low yield resulting from constrained or limited. Amidst all this is how government expenditure affects the agricultural output in Nigeria. In view of this, this study examined the impact of government expenditure on agricultural output in Nigeria using yearly time series data collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (CBN), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), world bank data and Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for the period 1983 to 2023. The study made use of multiple regression analysis based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the descriptive statistics as well as the pre-test of Augmented Dickey Fuller, Phillips-Peron and Kwiatkowski-Philips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS). The study made use of agriculture output as dependent variable, government expenditure on agriculture, Commercial Bank Credit, Gross Capital formation, employment in agriculture, fertilizer consumption and annual average rainfall as independent variables. The results revealed that a 10 per cent increase in agricultural expenditure will cause agricultural output to increase by 5.46 per cent. Furthermore, a 10 per cent increase in commercial bank credit will cause agricultural output to increase by 2.43 per cent. The findings of the study revealed that government expenditure and commercial bank credit, both had a significant impact on agricultural output in Nigeria. Based on the results obtained, the study recommended that government expenditure on agriculture should be increased yearly and more allocation from the national budget to the agricultural sector. Also, policies that will help increase commercial bank credit that will assist farmers so as to increase their farm output should be put in place.<br><br><br><br> (Word count: 294)

The study was carried out to investigate Time Allocation to Science subjects and Teachers effectiveness in Secondary schools in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State”. Descriptive research design was used and three research questions guided this study. The population of the study was 35,048 senior secondary school students in all the public secondary school in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, constitute the population. The sample size of 395 students was selected using Taro Yamane Formular. Cronbach Alpha Statistical instrument was used to determine the reliability of the instrument, a coefficient value of 0.71 indicated that the research instrument was relatively reliable. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, and t- test statistical tools were used to test the hypotheses. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire titled: adequacy of time allocation for biology lessons and teachers effectiveness in some selected secondary schools in Abua/Odual local government area of Rivers State. (ATABLTE). From the findings of this study, it was revealed that, in many cases, biology is only taught once a week, which might be considered typical for the schools involved in the survey and teachers are not provided with enough time to teach biology. Based on the findings, it was recommended that teachers should be allocated with enough time to teach Biology lessons also that the teachers should help the students in the formation or inculcation of good time management strategies and study habit practice.

This study examines the causes, impacts, and institutional efforts aimed at mitigating desertification in Babura. The objectives of the study are threefold: first, to identify the key causes of desertification; second, to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of desertification on the local population; and third, to evaluate institutional efforts and interventions made to combat desertification. Findings reveal that the primary causes of desertification in Babura include excessive use of chemical fertilizers, extensive cultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, climate variability and population growth have exacerbated desertification, leading to severe environmental degradation, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased poverty among the local population. The study also highlights limited awareness of desertification's impacts, which hampers effective local interventions. Institutional efforts, including governmental and non-governmental initiatives, have largely focused on addressing land degradation, but their effectiveness remains limited due to inadequate funding, lack of community engagement, and insufficient coordination. To mitigate desertification, the study recommends integrated approaches, including sustainable land management, reforestation, education, and strengthening institutional frameworks. Addressing desertification in Babura is vital to improving the livelihoods of the affected communities and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.

ABSTRACT<br><br> The study determined the extent of relationship between work life harmonization and employee performance in manufacturing firms of Anambra State. The specific objectives focused on the extent of relationship that exists between flexible working time and employee compliance; also, the degree of relationship that exists between telework system and employee commitment; and lastly, the investigate the nature of relationship between family work alignment and employee retention in manufacturing firms of Anambra State. The study was anchored on spill-over theory by Guest (2002). Descriptive survey research design was adopted and the population of the study is 362 and a sample of 190 respondents was determined using Taro Yamane formula. Copies of questionnaire were used to collect data from respondents. Bio data were presented using simple frequency and percentage tables while data were analyzed using arithmetic mean while hypotheses were used to test hypotheses. Findings revealed that there is positive relationship between work life harmonization and employee performance in manufacturing firms of Anambra State by indicating positive relationship exists between flexible working time and employee compliance; secondly, between telework system and employee commitment; and between family work alignment and employee retention. The study concluded that work life harmonization components such as flexible working time, telework system and family work alignment supports employee performance. The study recommended that management should harmonize work and social life of employees such that flexible work, flexible work system and family work alignment.