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This text provides an introduction to the concepts of migration and irregular migration, establishes their historical significance and global scale, and introduces the specific focus on Nigeria. The text defines Irregular migration as the movement of people occurring outside the laws or international agreements governing entry and exit. It positions migration as a fundamental social phenomenon and a normal human activity that is evident in every society. Historically, migration is traced back to early societies (hunter-gatherer and nomadic) and accelerated during the Agrarian society due to technological advances like the plough and the invention of the sail, which facilitated the movement from rural to urban areas for better economic opportunities. Globally, the scale of movement is significant, with an estimated 281 million international migrants, comprising 3.5 percent of the global population. People move for varied reasons, including economic opportunity, family, study, or due to forced displacement from conflict or environmental factors. In Nigeria, migration is a long-standing issue dating back to the 20th century. People continue to move domestically in search of "greener pastures," often heading to primate cities like the largest, Lagos (21.0 million), Kano (3.6 million), and Benin City. As a multicultural and commercial primate city, Benin City attracts immigrants from different parts of the world, which results in various social implications that the subsequent study will address. It's primary sources included oral interviews that were conducted with relevant persons such as the older persons that have been living in Benin City for years. Other primary sources included Non governmental organizations such as NAPTIP agency, PATHFINDER, Patriotic Citizens Initiative (PCI) and some returnees. Secondary sources were also used for this research and they include textbooks, article in journals, internet materials, newspapers, and other academic materials which were obtained from Online sources, University of Benin Library and other public libraries in Nigeria. The study's findings reveal that irregular migrants from Benin City are predominantly from poor families and are motivated by a desire for quick wealth. Many are deceived with false promises, resulting in them facing extreme hardships abroad, including sickness, death, drug addiction, or being sold into slavery and prostitution. They often cannot return home because they must buy back their freedom. However, the study also notes that organizations like the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the European Union assist in repatriation and reintegration by providing funds, training, and start-up capital. The research concludes with an urgent call for a multifaceted approach involving government, civil society, and international partners, prioritizing human rights and sustainable development. Key recommendations include: -Strengthening border control. -Addressing push factors like poverty and unemployment. -Providing awareness and legal migration pathways. -Combating human smuggling and trafficking. -Enhancing international and regional cooperation.

This project introduces an innovative automatic cap dryer system, integrating microcontrollers (ESP32) as the central control unit. The ESP32 efficiently manages the dryer's components based on sensor inputs and user-selected modes which are charcoal or gas, ensuring optimal performance and energy conservation. In the charcoal mode, a fan regulates airflow over the charcoal, providing heat for drying products. In the gas mode, a solenoid valve allows gas flow, and a DC igniter ignites the fire in the gas burner. So, to prevent the product from being cooked, the dryer machine operates at a relatively low-temperature range of 40ºC to 50ºC, which is monitored by a DHT (Digital Humidity Temperature) sensor. This ensures that the product is not exposed to excessive heat, which could cause damage. While the humidity sensor monitors the humidity of the products in the dryer. When the humidity is 20, the sensor senses the products are dry and the system shuts off. By operating at a lower temperature range and monitoring temperature and humidity levels with a DHT sensor, the dryer machine can provide a controlled and gentle drying process that minimizes the risk of damage to the product. The microcontroller then initiates the sequence to turn off the dryer, promoting energy efficiency and user convenience. This project significantly contributes to the field of renewable energy, particularly in underprivileged regions with limited access to electricity and traditional energy sources.

This study examines the effect of rural poverty on socio-economic development in Kubau Local Government Area of Kaduna State. The research investigates how poverty influences major aspects of community life such as education, healthcare, employment, agricultural productivity, and access to basic infrastructure. A combination of primary and secondary data was utilized, with questionnaires administered to selected households to gather firsthand information. The study reveals that low income levels, inadequate access to quality education, poor healthcare facilities, and limited infrastructural development are major indicators of poverty in the area. It also finds that these factors collectively hinder sustainable socio-economic growth. The study concludes that effective poverty alleviation strategies—such as empowerment programs, agricultural support schemes, improved education, and infrastructural investment—are vital for enhancing the socio-economic well-being of the people of Kubau Local Government Area.

ABSTRACT This study explores the prevalence and risk factors of Digital Eye Strain (DES) among Basic Medical Science students at Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano. With the increasing reliance on digital devices for academic activities, students face symptoms such as dryness, headaches, blurred vision, and eye fatigue, which may hinder their academic performance and quality of life. Despite its growing significance, limited data exist on how screen time, demographic, and behavioural factors contribute to DES in this specific population. The study employed a cross-sectional design using a Google Forms questionnaire distributed to randomly selected students aged 18 to 30 years. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in Excel to identify associations between screen use and symptom severity. Findings indicate a high prevalence of DES symptoms, particularly among senior students and females who engage in prolonged screen use for both study and recreational purposes. Many students reported symptoms but rarely adopted preventive measures such as blue light filters or regular eye breaks. Environmental factors like poor lighting and device ergonomics further aggravated symptoms, while multitasking on multiple devices increased eye strain risk. Despite extensive digital engagement, a notable proportion of students preferred physical books, suggesting a need for balanced learning approaches. The study confirms that screen time and behavioural patterns strongly influence DES severity, underscoring the urgent need for awareness and eye health interventions Recommendations target students, parents, educators, and health professionals to promote healthier screen habits, ergonomic workstations, and regular eye care. Further research is suggested to examine long-term effects, intervention efficacy, and technological aids. Understanding student attitudes toward DES will help tailor effective preventive strategies. Keywords: Digital Eye Strain, screen time, Basic Medical Science students, eye health, ergonomics, preventive measures

ABSTRACT In this study, the structure and regeneration potentials of plant species were examined in a secondary forest in Akwa Ibom State. Four vegetation plots were used for this study. In each plot, two (2) belt transects were laid and in each transect, vegetation was sampled systematically in ten (10) 10 m × 10 m quadrats spaced at regular intervals of 20 m. In each quadrat, plant species were identified to species levels and their density, frequency, height basal area and crown cover were determined. Thirty (30) plant species belonging to twenty (20) families were also encountered. The most frequent species were Calamus deeratus (60 %) and Palisota hirsuta (60 %) while Aframomum daniella, Alchornea cordifolia, Anchomanes difformis, Guara cedrata, Coula argentea, Coula edulis, Khaya senegalensis, Erythrophleum ivorensis, Alstonia boonei, Cnestis ferruginea, Pycnathus angolensis and Piptadeniastrum africanum had the least frequency value of 10 %, respectively. Podococcus barteri had the highest density (510.00 ± 28.51 st/ha) while Erythrophleum ivorensis (10.00 ± 0.80 st/ha), Guara cedrata (10.00 ± 1.10 st/ha) Coula argentea (10.00 ± 1.03 st/ha), Alstonia boonei (10.00 ± 1.00 st/ha), Coula edulis (10.00 ± 1.00 st/ha), Piptadeniastrum africanum (10.00 ± 1.02 st/ha), Pycnathus angolensis (10.00 ± 1.68 st/ha) and Khaya senegalensis (10.00 ± 3.00 st/ha) had the least density values. The tallest species was Berlinia confusa (19.03 ± 3.05 m) and the shortest was Anchomanes difformis (2.05 ± 0.03 m). Khaya ivorensis (12.08 ± 2.30 m2/ha) and Alstonia boonei (0.38 ± 0.09 m2/ha) had the highest and least crown coverage. Khaya ivonresis also highest value for basal area of 6.21 ± 1.06 m2/ha while Maesoboytra dusenii recorded the least value (0.01 ± 0.003 m2/ha). Podococcus barteri was the most adaptive species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) value of 30.12 while Alchornea cordifolia had the least IVI value of 2.15. The regeneration status of individual species followed this pattern; not regenerating (63.33%), new (16.67%), poor (13.33%), good (3.33%) and fair (3.33%). The result of this study upholds forest protection, conservation, afforestation and ecosystem stability.

ABSTRACT Air quality is a critical aspect of environmental health, influencing both human wellbeing and the ecosystem. Poor Air quality can lead to severe health issues such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In urban areas, there are high levels of pollutants from various sources such as traffic, industrial wastes. This study investigated Air Quality status along Ikpa Road, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using digital air quality monitors. The research aimed at assessing the levels of air contaminants, identifying potential sources and evaluates their implications on human health. The parameters monitored were: Nitrogen (IV) Oxide (NO2), Sulphur (IV) Oxide (SO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Carbon (II) Oxide (CO), Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2), and Particulate matter (PM2.5). The mean concentrations of the air contaminants and their Air Quality Indices are as follows: Nitrogen (IV) Oxide (0.405±0.013 ppm), Sulphur (IV) Oxide (0.505±0.006 ppm), Hydrogen sulphide (0.20±0.008 ppm), Carbon (II) Oxide (8.00±0.082 ppm), Carbon (IV) Oxide (871±0.817 ppm), and PM2.5 (118.75±0.957 µg/m3). The results were compared with the recommended Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) standards and the results showed that NO2, SO2, CO and PM2.5 were higher than their standards, while CO2, and H2S were within their limits. The outcome of this study indicated that strict strategies should be implemented by the government and its regulatory Agencies to monitor the level of air contaminants and forestall their associated consequences in the State. KEY WORDS: Air Monitoring, Air Pollution, Uyo, Human health problems, and Nigeria.

ABSTRACT Insurance system has been making impact in the contemporary business wood, it is an invaluable resource to management as long as the business require insurance, this srudy examines yhe effect of insurance on the development of business organisation the study collected data from Yammfy farm using primary source of questionnaire and interview method 20, copies of questionnaire were administered among the staff of Yammfy farm, study used to 20 copies of the questionnaire that were valid simple percentage descriptive statistics method was used for data presentation the study used chi squares method to analyze the data and test the hypothesis, the study conclude from the test that insurance has an effect on the development; of business the study recommends that organisation should encourage their employees to gofor insurance.

This study investigates the spatial distribution, socio-demographic characteristics, and environmental impacts of informal welders in Rigasa and Hayin Dan-Mani, Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State. The research utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map welding workshops and assess their proximity to residential areas, major roads, and industrial zones. The study also examines the socio-demographic profiles of welders, including age, gender, education, and years of experience, and their influence on economic outcomes such as income and client acquisition. Additionally, it evaluates the environmental implications of welding activities, focusing on waste disposal practices, pollution, and safety protocols. Findings reveal that most workshops are clustered in residential and roadside areas due to low costs and accessibility, contributing to environmental pollution and safety risks. The research highlights the lack of formal training, limited access to advanced equipment, and poor waste management among welders. Recommendations include proper zoning, environmental management strategies, and skill development programs to enhance the sustainability and productivity of the informal welding trade. This study provides valuable data for local planning and policy-making to address challenges in the informal sector.