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ABSTRACT<br> <br> The increasing use of diagnostic X-ray procedures in modern healthcare has raised significant concerns regarding patient exposure to ionizing radiation and its associated health risks. This study examines the optimization of patient radiation dose in diagnostic X-ray imaging, with a focus on maintaining a balance between radiation safety and image quality. The research explores variations in exposure parameters such as tube voltage, current, and exposure time, and how these factors influence patient dose and diagnostic outcomes.A descriptive analytical approach was adopted through an extensive review of existing literature, international guidelines, and radiation protection standards. The study highlights the fundamental principles of radiation protection—justification and optimization—as recommended by regulatory bodies, emphasizing their role in minimizing unnecessary exposure. It further evaluates dose monitoring strategies and the implementation of advanced imaging technologies designed to reduce radiation risks without compromising diagnostic efficiency. Findings from the study reveal that improper selection of exposure parameters, lack of standardized protocols, and limited awareness among radiology personnel contribute significantly to unnecessary radiation exposure. Conversely, the adoption of dose optimization techniques, regular equipment calibration, staff training, and adherence to international safety guidelines significantly improve patient safety outcomes.The study concludes that effective optimization of patient dose in diagnostic radiography is achievable through a combination of technological advancement, regulatory compliance, and professional competence. It recommends the establishment of standardized protocols, continuous training for radiology personnel, and the integration of dose- tracking systems in healthcare facilities. These measures are essential for enhancing radiation safety, improving diagnostic quality, and reducing the long-term risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure.

v<br><br> ABSTRACT<br><br> The development of inverters has been driven by the need to convert direct current<br><br> (DC) into alternating current (AC) for various applications, addressing the challenges of<br><br> uneven energy distribution globally. This imbalance arises from geographic disparities,<br><br> infrastructure limitations, and economic inequalities, impacting access to energy. Measures<br><br> like expanding electricity grids, adopting renewable energy sources, and enhancing energy<br><br> efficiency are crucial in addressing these issues.<br><br> The inverter design in this project incorporates a System-on-Chip (SoC) with a SIM<br><br> module for wireless communication. When an SMS is received, the SoC triggers the<br><br> microcontroller, activating the driver circuit, which controls the transformer to step up 12V<br><br> DC to 220V AC. The performance evaluation includes testing under varying loads,<br><br> measuring output voltage, current, and operational duration to ensure reliability and<br><br> efficiency.<br><br> Results showed that the SMS-based remote-controlled inverter system consistently<br><br> met household power demands, ensuring stable energy during outages. Remote control was<br><br> tested beyond the inverter’s vicinity, confirming effectiveness. Overloading risks and<br><br> performance issues in low sunlight were addressed through load breakers and effective<br><br> charge management, which optimized battery charging and voltage regulation. Tests<br><br> validated stable output voltage, efficient remote switching, and overall system reliability<br><br> under different load conditions.<br><br> In conclusion, this project highlights the potential of sine wave inverters as a<br><br> sustainable power solution, offering economic, environmental, and social benefits. Future<br><br> advancements could explore alternative communication methods, such as IoT protocols or<br><br> mobile applications, to enhance user experience and provide a more intuitive remote control<br><br> interface, making power management more accessible and efficienT

ABSТВАСТ<br> <br> Tnis research investigates the efficacy of some local herbs in treating high bood pressurе<br> and iheir medicinal values. High bood pressure is a common and serious healih condition ihat can lead to serious health problems, such as heart disease and stroke. Many people rely on local herbs jor treatmen, but there is litle research on their effcacy. This study aims to iI that gap by providing scientijic evidence jor the use ofocal herbs in treating nigh bood<br> pressure. This study used a questionnaire to gather data jrom local herbs sellers in Ondo<br> <br> West Local Government area in Ondo Siate. The data was analyzed using simple теап<br> percentage technique. Convenience sampling was used to select participants for the study.<br> <br> Thе indigs of this study suggest that local herbs are perceived to be effective in treating<br> <br> high bood pressure, bu here are concerns abou hei sajety and еїПсасу. Ths suggests that<br> /urther research is needed to fuly understand the potential benefits and risks of using local herbs jor the treatment of high blood pressure. ln conclusion, this study provides valuable insigfuts into the perceptions and attitudes of local herbs sellers about the use of local herbs jor treating high blood pressure. While further research is needed to fully understand the potentalbenefis and risks, it is clear that there is interest in using local herbs as a treatment opton. Based on the /indings of this study, i is recommended that future research shoula<br> jocus on investigating the safety and efflcacy of’ocal herbs jor treating high blood pressure.

Floods are among the most common and destructive natural hazards. The destruction of schools<br> is one way in which floods can inhibit educational attainment. Education as a human right is<br> universal and inalienable. This right does not disappear or get suspended because of disasters<br> and emergencies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of perennial flooding<br> on secondary schools in Yenagoa local government area, Bayelsa State... The research<br> objectives formulated to guide this study are to: investigate the effects of floods on student’s<br> enrolment, attendance, classroom participation and school infrastructures the study used a<br> research design of 205 students drawn from the randomly selected 5 schools, 76 school<br> teachers, and 5 principals. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were<br> used to analyses data. Findings revealed that floods not only close schools, they destroy<br> infrastructure, make roads inaccessible for students and teachers displace families and increase<br> disease outbreak. Families may lose their source of livelihood and be unable to send their<br> children to school. Floods hamper enrolment as parents do not want to endanger the lives of<br> the children so schools prone to floods have a high chance of closing down due to low<br> enrolment. Annually recurring floods regularly prevent millions of children from attending a<br> full year of school. At times the learning resources and materials are washed away or destroyed.<br> School may be used as shelters for people who have been displaced from their homes due to the<br> natural disaster. The additional students from flood affected areas leads to hundreds of students<br> to squeeze in to poorly lit rooms usually designed for not more than forty. Every year floods<br> provoke delay to study programmes and damages to schools. Governments are primarily<br> responsible for keeping their people safe by adopting coping mechanisms which include flood<br> forecasting, flood stockpiling digging trenches around their compounds, planting trees and sisal<br> fences to break and reduce the flow of flood waters and to prevent erosion. So, there is need for<br> a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive flood management. Therefore, it’s recommended<br> that schools should engage qualified professionals to assess school buildings, design, construct<br> and maintain school facilities to be resilient in the face of recurrent floods and other weatherrelated disasters. Disaster risk reduction should be integrated in the syllabus. Principals,<br> teachers and students should undergo annual training on disaster risk reduction. The county<br> governments should sensitize the communities on insuring educational institutions. The<br> recommendations for further study are that the study can be replicated in other areas that are<br> affected by floods in the country as well as a study on the effect of floods on early childhood<br> and tertiary education.

Abstract<br> This research work is focused on the role of civil service in<br> national development on Nigeria (a study of Agriculture<br> Owerri, Imo State) it identifies basic concepts, issue and<br> impact of civil service in Nigeria. The research observed<br> that civil service in Nigeria. The research observed that civil<br> service are not performing it’s duties as expected, due to<br> some inherent problems like political instability interference,<br> negative attitude to work etc. that made research civil <br> service reform abysmally some questions were asked which is<br> considered accordingly as listed here under. Does the civil<br> service play the government? some related literatures were<br> reviewed, and relevant fact were gotten. The study is the<br> organization made use of survey research method to know<br> the real impact of civil services in Nigeria,. The theoretical<br> frame work used in the study is the organizational <br> management theory (administrative theory). The data<br> collected were analyzed using sample percentage from the<br> study, it was discovered that a good government can only be<br> recognized when there is efficient, civil service in a <br> government that help to prevent damage that will be caused<br> by inexperienced civil service and also protect the image of<br> government. The study ended the development of able and capable staffs<br> conscious of their work and able to satisfy the need of<br> establishing them and that it is therefore required that<br> recruitment into the civil service should be based purely on<br> merit system rather than favoritism, federal character<br> principles state of origin syndrome, religionalism etc.

Access to quality healthcare is fundamental to human well-being and community resilience, particularly in densely populated urban areas like Agege, Lagos. Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are critical public facilities that provide essential medical services, promote maternal and child care, and foster community trust. However, poor design, such as inadequate infection control or climatic adaptation, can undermine these goals, leading to reduced patronage and health risks. This research investigates the application of prefabricated architecture to design an efficient, safe, and sustainable PHC for Agege, serving residents of the community. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing healthcare facilities—both local and international the study identifies advantageous architectural features (e.g., rapid construction, zoned layouts) and addresses limitations. The proposed PHC design incorporates a “start of life” palm tree courtyard to reflect cultural values, modular container units for a 6-week construction timeline, and sustainable systems (e.g., solar panels, rainwater harvesting) to mitigate Agege’s climatic challenges. This work demonstrates that effective planning, informed by case studies and climatic analysis, ensures a safe, accessible, and culturally resonant healthcare facility that enhances community health outcomes and environmental sustainability.

ABSTRACT<br><br> The world is currently challenged with global warming and environmental pollution. The major sources of greenhouse gas emissions are fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative energy sources that are renewable, economically feasible and friendly to the environment. In addition, the depletion in petroleum worldwide has also stimulated the search for alternative sources. Biodiesel holds great potential as an alternative fuel. Characterized by the aforementioned properties, it has become the focus of many investigations with respect to the greenhouse gas emission and the environmental crisis. This work investigated the optimization of biodiesel production from neem seed (Azadirachta indica) oil using a step trans-esterification process and determination of the qualities of the neem oil biodiesel. This was with a view to establish its production and viability potentials. Biodiesel production was carried using a step trans-esterification process. The first step was carried out using 5.5ml methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 0.70g KOH as a base catalyst in 30 to 45mins at 65°C. The physicochemical properties of the neem biodiesel were carried out using standard methods, while the fatty acid profile was determined using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Optimized biodiesel yield of 89.69% was produced at reaction time of 45 min, catalyst amount of 0.70 g, temperature of 65 °C, and methanol/oil molar ratio. The aim of this project was to assess biodiesel production from Neem seed oil (NSO) in the presence of a catalyst prepared from potassium, hydrogen and oxygen. Three factors were investigated – oil-to-methanol ratio, catalyst loading and temperature – in order to optimise the process. Optimal reaction conditions obtained were methanol-to-oil molar ratio (6:1), catalyst loading (3.5w%) and temperature (65°C). It was assumed that the catalyst was used in sufficient amount with respect to oil in order to shift the reaction toward the formation of methyl ester.<br><br> Key words: Neem seed oil, methanol, trans- esterification, Potassium hydroxide, Biodiesel.

The discharge of untreated abattoir wastewater into the environment poses serious health and ecological challenges due to its high organic load and complex physicochemical composition. This study focused on the physicochemical and organic composition analysis of abattoir wastewater collected from Bida abattoir, Niger State, Nigeria. The objective was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and nutrient parameters of the wastewater to determine its pollution level and possible environmental implications. Samples were collected directly from the abattoir drainage channel and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures.<br> The parameters assessed included pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), total suspended matter (TSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), nitrate (NO₃⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺). The results showed that most parameters exceeded the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) for wastewater discharge. High concentrations of COD, TDS, and organic matter indicated heavy organic pollution, while the low dissolved oxygen suggested poor biodegradation activity and high microbial load.<br> The findings reveal that the abattoir wastewater in Bida contains significant levels of pollutants capable of degrading soil and water quality, thereby posing risks to human and aquatic life. It is therefore recommended that proper wastewater treatment facilities be installed at the abattoir before discharge into the environment. The study highlights the urgent need for environmental monitoring, enforcement of effluent control policies, and the adoption of eco-friendly waste management systems to minimize the health and ecological hazards associated with abattoir wastewater discharge in Nigeria.