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Acetaminophen as analgesic drugs makes hepatotoxicity damage. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been recognized as an antioxidant and has shown protective effects against hepatotoxicity damage caused by paracetamol. The current investigation aims to study the possible protective effects of Salvadora persica against hepatic damage induced by paracetamol in rats with the standard protective agent Vitamin C. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups: The primary group as control; receiving distilled water orally, the second group; receiving 2000 mg/kg of Acetaminophen only. The third group; receiving 2000 mg/kg of acetaminophen with 1000mg/kg of Vitamin C. The fourth group (protective group); receiving 2000mg/kg of acetaminophen with 2500mg/kg of Salvadora persica extract for 14 days. Body weight changes were monitored, and sacrificed rats underwent histological analysis of liver tissues. Liver health was assessed by measuring liver enzymes and histopathology. The liver tissues after administration of acetaminophen alone showed different changes such as disrupted lobular architecture with degenerating hepatocytes, dilated congested central vein, and mononuclear cellular infiltration, single overdose of Paracetamol caused significant elevations of alanine amine transaminases and alkaline phosphate compared with the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that Vitamin C was effective in reducing the hepatic damage caused by acetaminophen in male albino rat, pretreatment with Salvadora persica significantly prevented acetaminophen-induced changes in hepatic biomarkers. Histologically, the liver showed inflammation and necrosis after acetaminophen treatment, which were significantly reduced in rats pretreated with Salvadora persica. Results showed that Salvadora persica supplementation significantly improved liver health and reducing liver enzymes, and improving histopathological changes, in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Salvadora persica may have potential as a natural remedy for maintaining liver health and preventing liver disease.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a colorless, strong-smelling, and highly reactive chemical compound that exhibits toxic properties at room temperature. This study investigates the effects of inhalation of formaldehyde on total WBC counts and their differentials in Wistar rats. The research involved fifteen (15) male Wistar rats of similar age, weighing between 130g and 160g. These animals were divided into three groups of five rats each. Group A was not exposed to formaldehyde throughout the experiment, while Group B was exposed to formaldehyde gas for 2 hours daily, and Group C was exposed for 4 hours daily, for period of four (4) weeks. After four weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected from abdominal aorta and the heart through cardiac puncture. The samples were placed in EDTA containers and analyzed using a Hematology Analyzer (SMT-50) to measure total WBC counts and differential counts. Statistical analysis was done using Graphpad prism version 8.0.1. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean of test and control values, and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The results indicated that formaldehyde exposure for four weeks did not result in significant changes in total WBC counts or their differentials. In conclusion, these findings suggest that short-term inhalation of formaldehyde may not cause immediate immunological effects.

ABSTRACT<br> <br> This study investigates second language acquisition (SLA) among secondary school students in Afijio Community, Nigeria, with a focus on English language learning. It examines the cognitive, social, and cultural factors influencing students' language acquisition processes, as well as the challenges theyface. Using a descriptive survey researchdesign,datawascollectedfromstudentsandteachersinselectedsecondary schools through structured questionnaires. Findings indicate that students' exposure to English outside the classroom is limited, with native language interference and motivation playing crucial roles in learning outcomes. The study also highlights the effectiveness of various teaching methods, including communicative and interactive approaches, in enhancing students' proficiency. However, challenges such as inadequate learning resources, outdated curricula, and large class sizes hinder language acquisition. ANOVA and regression analyses reveal a significant impactof socio-economic background and teaching methodologies on students' language proficiency.ThestudyconcludesthatimprovingEnglishlanguageeducationinAfijio requires policy adjustments, increased access to learning materials, and teacher training programs. Recommendations include integrating more practical language usestrategies,fosteringstudentmotivation,andaddressingsocio-culturalbarriersto SLA.<br> <br> Keywords: Second Language Acquisition (SLA), English Language Learning, Secondary School Students, Afijio Community, Teaching Methods, Motivation, NativeLanguage Interference,Socio-Cultural Factors, EducationalPolicy, Language Proficiency.

3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychoactive substance widely known for <br><br><br><br> its stimulant and entactogenic effects. Despite its recreational popularity, MDMA use has been <br><br><br><br> linked to neurotoxic outcomes, including oxidative damage in critical brain regions like the <br><br><br><br> prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region essential for cognitive, emotional, and executive functions. While <br><br><br><br> acute effects of MDMA are well-documented, the long-term neurochemical consequences <br><br><br><br> following withdrawal remain underexplored. This study investigated the effect of MDMA <br><br><br><br> withdrawal on oxidative stress markers in the PFC of adult male Sprague Dawley rats, with the <br><br><br><br> aim of elucidating potential neurotoxic and recovery mechanisms. Fifteen rats were randomly <br><br><br><br> divided into three groups: control (distilled water), MDMA-treated (100 mg/kg orally for 30 days), <br><br><br><br> and MDMA withdrawal (100 mg/kg for 30 days followed by 30-day drug-free recovery). <br><br><br><br> Following treatment, the PFC was harvested, homogenized, and analyzed for lipid peroxidation <br><br><br><br> (malondialdehyde, MDA), and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and <br><br><br><br> catalase (CAT). MDMA significantly increased MDA levels while reducing SOD and CAT <br><br><br><br> activity in the PFC, indicating elevated oxidative stress. However, after the 30-day withdrawal <br><br><br><br> period, there was a notable decrease in MDA and a partial restoration of SOD and CAT activity, <br><br><br><br> although these values remained significantly different from control. Chronic MDMA exposure <br><br><br><br> induces substantial oxidative stress in the PFC, likely through enhanced reactive oxygen species <br><br><br><br> production and impaired antioxidant defenses. Withdrawal from MDMA demonstrates partial <br><br><br><br> neurochemical recovery, suggesting some reversibility of oxidative damage. These findings <br><br><br><br> highlight the vulnerability of the PFC to MDMA-induced oxidativeKeywords: MDMA, oxidative stress, prefrontal cortex, neurotoxicity, entactogen<br><br><br><br> Word count: 240

ABSTRACT<br><br><br> This study investigate the dietary inclusion of (Solanum lycopersicum) stem powder on the growth performance of broiler chicken. 120-day-old ROSS 308 broiler chickens (n=120) were assigned to four (4) dietary treatments of T+ (Control: Inclusion of 0.15g/kg of BHA and 0.3g/kg of Antibiotic), T- (Control: 100% conventional feed), T1 (25kg of conventional feed + 0.25g/kg of tomato stem), T2 (25kg of conventional feed + 0.5g/kg of tomato stem), with six (6) replicate and five (5) birds per replicate. The phytochemical analysis of Solanum lycopersicum demonstrated the presence of bioactive compounds such as coumarin, steroids, terpenoids and phytic acids. Results shows that Growth performance characteristics such as feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly different while weight gain was significantly different (p

ABSTRACT<br><br> Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is a waste product from palm oil production that can cause pollution if not properly managed. This study examines how biogas can be produced from POME using anaerobic digestion. A 5-liter digester was used, filled with 3.5 liters of POME collected from Okomu Palm Oil Mill in Edo State, Nigeria. The experiment lasted 30 days, and key factors such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and biogas production were monitored.The results showed that POME had a high moisture content (97.52%), carbohydrate content (9%), and nitrogen content (1.08%), making it suitable for biogas production. The pH increased from 4.45 to 8.22, creating a good environment for bacteria that produce biogas. The highest gas production (90 ml) was recorded on Day 8, with changes in production levels over time. TDS also increased from 165 ppm to 520 ppm, showing that organic materials were breaking down.This study confirms that POME can be used to produce biogas, helping to reduce waste and generate renewable energy.

ABSTRACT<br><br> Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate electricity through the metabolic activity of microorganisms, offering a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment by converting organic matter into energy. This study investigates the effect of anodic pH on MFC performance, with a focus on power generation. Laboratory experiments were conducted using anodic pH levels of 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5. Sewage wastewater was utilized as the anolyte, while sludge served as the inoculum source. The catholyte consisted of a phosphate buffer maintained at a pH of 7.0. Biochemical characterization of the wastewater, including BOD, COD, and TSS, was performed using standard methods. Data analysis identified the optimal conditions for maximum power output. Results revealed that an anodic pH of 7.5 produced the highest power density of 73.11 mW/m², 415.79 mA/m² current density, and voltage of 527.10 mV. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining optimal pH levels to enhance MFC performance and stability. This study not only aids in the optimization of MFC systems but also provides valuable insights for their application in renewable energy generation and wastewater treatment. Practical implications include the potential integration of MFC technology into urban wastewater plants, industrial effluent treatment systems, and decentralized energy solutions for off-grid areas.

The study focused on effect of social media in spreading fake news and hate speech in Enugu State metropolis. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of social media in spreading fake news and hate speech in Nigeria with special reference to Enugu Metropolis. The specific objectives are to; ascertain if the media play a part in dissemination of fake news and hate speech in Enugu metropolis; identify the causes of fake news and hate speech in Enugu metropolis; find out the effect of fake news and hate speech on target audience; provide possible solutions to the factors responsible for fake news and hate speech in Enugu metropolis. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The targeted population of this research work was narrowed down to all the resident in Enugu metropolis which is 876,000. The sample size of the study was estimated using Tarro Yamane which yielded 399. The reliability of the instrument was established using pilot study. The findings of the study reveals that people fall for fake news because of their inability to sieve out the real news, people fall for fake news because they have trust on media as an agent of real news, people fall for fake news out naivety, people fall for fake news because ignorant. The findings of the third research question indicates that Enugu State metropolis residents perceived news report in the country bigotry, they perceived news report in the country as a doctored report, Enugu State metropolis residents perceived news report in the country as fake, Enugu State metropolis residents perceived news report in the country as unconventional. The study recommends that There is need to guard the conduct of professional journalism so as to prevent form engaging in fake news dissemination that has the power to destroy the practice of professional journalism.