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The increasing demand for renewable energy sources has led to growing interest in bioethanol production from agricultural waste. This study focuses on the evaluation of bioethanol production from rice husks using different yeast isolates. Rice husks, an abundant agro-waste, were subjected to hydrolysis to release fermentable sugars. The hydrolysate was then inoculated with various yeast strains, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other locally isolated wild yeasts, under controlled fermentation conditions. Bioethanol yield was quantitatively analyzed using standard distillation and spectrophotometric techniques. Results indicated variations in ethanol production efficiency across the different yeast strains, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing the highest yield. The study highlights the potential of rice husks as a low-cost, sustainable feedstock for bioethanol and underscores the significance of yeast strain selection in optimizing fermentation processes. These findings contribute to the advancement of biofuels homologies and waste-to-energy initiatives.

This study investigates the perceptions of rural dwellers on the role of general agriculture in fostering rural development in Ibarapa east of Oyo State, Nigeria. Agriculture remains a cornerstone of rural livelihoods in the region, offering employment, income generation, food security, and raw materials for local industries. Despite its recognized importance, the sector faces numerous challenges including poor infrastructure, limited access to credit, inadequate extension services, and youth migration, which undermine its potential contribution to sustainable rural development.<br><br><br> Using primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to 120 rural dwellers across 6 communities in Ibarapa east of Oyo State, the study assessed socio-economic characteristics, available agricultural practices, perceived benefits and challenges, and overall attitudes toward agriculture. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Spearman’s correlation tests were used for data analysis.<br><br><br> Findings revealed that most respondents were middle-aged females involved in small-scale farming, with a high reliance on family labor, the available general agricultural activities crop farming was the most commonly practiced agricultural activity, benefits of general agricultural to rural development such as technological advancement and economic growth While agriculture was generally seen as a tool for community development and livelihood support, many respondents perceived it as less profitable than urban occupations they also faced a lot of challenges like bad road, unsustainable practices. Hypothesis testing showed that socio-economic factors significantly influence perceptions of agriculture, though the perceived benefits of agriculture were not significantly related to perceptions of rural development.<br><br><br> The study concludes that while rural dwellers acknowledge agriculture’s importance, its development is hindered by systemic challenges. It recommends improvements in rural infrastructure, better access to finance, youth engagement programs, modern farming techniques, and increased government support to unlock agriculture’s full potential for rural development.

ABSTRACT<br> <br> This study investigated the "get rich quick syndrome" and the prevalent cases of ritual<br> killings: a study of A wka South Local Government Area of Anambra State The study<br> also looked at root causes of the get trich quick svndrome, how it relates to ritual killings,<br> effects of get rich quick mentality on the lives of the youths and measures to curb the<br> negativity of the get rich quick mentality. Three theories were reviewed in this study<br> namely: social learning theory, structural strain theory and Marxian theory. Structural<br> strain theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. The mixed methods research<br> design was used. The multi-stage sampling procedure made up of cluster and simple<br> random sampling procedure was used in selecting a sample size of 204 respondents for<br> the study. The quantitative data (i.e. questionnaire) were analyzed using descriptive<br> statistics such as the frequency counts, simple percentages and graphic illustrations, while<br> the qualitative data (in-depth interview) collected in the field were analyzed using the<br> thematic method of data analysis. Two hypotheses were tested using chi-square (x²) test<br> statistics. Findings show that the root causes of get rich quick mentality among youths<br> include: societal pressure on individuals to become rich overnight, so much importance<br> attached to wealth by society irrespective of the source, poverty, greed, unemployment<br> and peer pressure. Effects of get rich quick mentality were found to include: involvement<br> in illegal activities including ritual killing, untimely death, poor academic performance<br> for those that are students and depression. Based on these findings, it was recommended<br> amongst others that parents should ensure proper socialization of children to embrace<br> hard work. Also,government and spiritèd individuals should sponsor radio and television<br> programmes to enlighten residents of Awka South LGA on security measures to adopt in<br> order to avoid becoming victims of ritual killers.

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the effectiveness of sunlight in disinfecting water from various sources within Ihiala Local Government Area (LGA) of Anambra State, Nigeria. Waterborne diseases are prevalent in this region due to inadequate access to clean water. The research assesses the potential of solar disinfection (SODIS) as a low-cost and sustainable water treatment method.The primary objectives include determining the microbial load (specifically bacterial and viral contaminants) in water samples sourced from diverse locations like boreholes, wells, rivers, and rainwater in Ihiala LGA. Additionally, the study aims to evaluate the impact of exposure to sunlight on water quality by monitoring changes in microbial content pre- and post-SODIS treatment.The investigation employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative analysis involves assessing microbial counts using standard microbiological techniques such as membrane filtration and agar plate culture methods. The qualitative aspect includes assessing water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, temperature) and potential hindrances to SODIS effectiveness (e.g., cloud cover, water container characteristics).The research contributes to existing literature by providing insights into the applicability of SODIS in rural Nigerian settings. Findings from this study will aid in recommending practical and sustainable water treatment solutions suitable for communities like Ihiala LGA, potentially reducing the burden of waterborne diseases.The study utilizes a systematic sampling approach to collect water samples from various sources across Ihiala LGA, ensuring representation of both urban and rural areas. Sampling locations are selected based on population density, predominant water sources, and potential contamination risks. Water samples are collected in sterile containers and transported to the laboratory for initial microbial analysis.In the laboratory, water samples undergo baseline testing for key microbial indicators such as total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli using appropriate culture-based methods. Turbidity, pH, and temperature measurements are also recorded to assess initial water quality parameters.Following baseline testing, water samples are subjected to solar disinfection (SODIS) treatment under controlled conditions. Transparent PET bottles filled with water are exposed to sunlight for a specified duration, with regular monitoring of solar exposure conditions (e.g., irradiance levels, weather patterns).Post-treatment, water samples undergo additional microbial analysis to assess the efficacy of SODIS in reducing microbial contaminants. Comparative analysis between pre- and post-treatment microbial counts provides insights into the effectiveness of sunlight as a disinfection method for different water sources.The study also investigates potential challenges and limitations associated with implementing SODIS in the local context, including cultural acceptability, community engagement, and pr

The main objective of this study is to examine the influence of collective bargaining and organizational performance in Adamawa State University, Mubi. While the specific objectives are to: determine the effect of collective bargaining process on organizational performance in ADSU Mubi. To identity the benefits derived from effective collective bargaining in ADSU Mubi. And to identify the challenges associated with collective bargaining in ADSU Mubi. The scope of this study is limited to Adamawa State University, Mubi. The study hypothesized that there is no significant relationship between collective bargaining and organizational performance in ADSU.

iv<br><br> ABSTRACT<br><br> Several problems affecting the inability of SMEs to generate employment in Nigeria seem to be<br><br> common and unattended to. Some of these problems were low market access to credit, poor<br><br> information flow, discriminatory legislation, poor access to land, weak linkages among different<br><br> sectors, weak operating capabilities in terms of skills, lack of knowledge and attitudes, lack of<br><br> infrastructural facilities among others. It was on this note the study examined micro, small scale<br><br> business as a strategy for entrepreneurship development in Nigeria among some selected micro,<br><br> small scale businesses in Lagos island area of Lagos state. Survey research design was<br><br> employed and questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Stratified sampling technique<br><br> was used to determine the sample size of two hundred and one (201) from the population of<br><br> residents in Lagos West Senatorial District in Lagos state. One hundred and ninety (190)<br><br> questionnaires were fully completed and returned. Simple percentage was employed to analyze<br><br> the responses of the questionnaires while Pearson Moment Correlation was used to test the<br><br> hypotheses formulated. However, it was found that there is significant effect of financing<br><br> techniques of micro, small scale business on entrepreneurship development, there was<br><br> significant effect of social infrastructures on entrepreneurship development, there was<br><br> significant effect of managerial skills of micro, small medium enterprises on unemployment<br><br> abatement and also there was significant effect of taxation policy of micro, small scale business<br><br> on entrepreneurship development and there was significant effect of taxation policy of micro<br><br> small business on entrepreneurship development. It was recommended that there should be an<br><br> urgent need by the State government to fund SMEs operation with long-term, low interest rate<br><br> facilities. This will enable SMEs set long-term plans, embark on multiple and high yield<br><br> investment projects that enhances macro-economic growth and development.<br><br> Keywords: Micro, Small Scale Business, social infrastructures, entrepreneurship development

This study examines the print media coverage of the political crisis between Governor Godwin Obaseki and his former deputy, Philip Shaibu, using Punch and The Guardian newspapers as case studies. The objectives were to identify the frequency of coverage, dominant frames, tone of reportage, and prominence given to the crisis. The study adopted content analysis, analysing selected news stories, features, and editorials published between January 2023 and December 2024. Findings show that both newspapers gave significant attention to the crisis, with Punch providing more critical and conflict-driven headlines, while The Guardian adopted a more neutral and analytical approach. The coverage largely framed the dispute as a political power struggle linked to succession interests in Edo State. The newspapers also tended to highlight implications for governance and party unity. The study concludes that print media play an agenda-setting role in shaping public opinion on political conflicts. It recommends balanced reporting, increased investigative journalism, and avoidance of sensationalism to ensure responsible media practice.

Industrialization has significantly improved the economy of Nigeria, but the threat posed by the development of these industries to the environment and to the inhabitant cannot be left out. Cement factory are known for emitting suspended particulate matter and toxic gases to the environment. This study accessed the impact of the cement factory operation on the environment and human health in okpella community, Edo state, different objective where raised “To identify the health hazard related to cement production in Okpella, to examine the effect of the identified health hazards on humans and workers within the cement factory, to proffer remedial measure that can be put in place to mitigate the effects of the hazards associated to cement production in Okpella”. Questionnaire were developed and administered to the villagers and workers of the cement factory and the data were collected and analyzed Frequency and Percentage method, and Mean score method to validate the research problem exist. It was observed that the means score in the table as analysed by the mean score method is greater than the criterion mean of 2.5 this implies that the research problem exist. It was also observed that identified effect of hazard such as; musculo-skeletal disorders cause by vibration, partial deafness caused by excessive noise, skin disorder, and respiratory problem due to exposure to dust is common among workers in the cement factory hence engineering control is recommended so as to mitigate health hazard within the factory and adjoin community. Based on the strength of the above findings and conclusions, the study offers the following recommendations for mitigating the attendant health hazards among cement industry workers: There is need for management of cement industries to develop a frame-work that will initiate the integration and implementation of safety regulations in cement factories so as to reduce associated health risk; Health promotion program should be integrated by management to help improve works knowledge, attitude and practices regarding to safety measures within the cement factory; Periodic medical examination policy should be adopted by management of cement industries to help reduce cases of health problems among workers of cement industries in Nigeria; Workers in the cement factory should be provided with personal protective equipment (PPE) an Implementing engineering control to minimize exposure to dust.