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This research was able to test for significance difference and identify of linear trend model for predicting the price of heavy metals in Nigeria. The characteristics of the price of heavy metals data were examine in term of nonlinearity. Then, identify suitable linear trend model for each of the price of heavy metals. Evaluate if there is significant difference between prices. Suitable linear trend model were identified based on various Model Selection Criteria (MSC) and Model Accuracy Measures (MAM). Results for t-test statistics showed that there is significance difference between the price of heavy metals, except the price of Nickel and Tin heavy metals.

ABSTRACT<br><br> <br><br> Globally, Afforestation initiatives are used as nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change.<br><br> However, in Nigeria, these initiatives are few and are not monitored for their effectiveness. This<br><br> research focused on assessing the impact of afforestation initiatives to mitigate climate change in<br><br> Jos metropolis, Nigeria. The study employed classification of Landsat 7 (ETM) image of 2010<br><br> and Landsat 7 (ETM) image of 2020. The Supervised Classification method was carried out<br><br> using ArcGIS software 10.8. Land cover classification was employed to better capture the<br><br> increase in vegetation and number of trees from the afforestation initiatives from 2010 to 2020,<br><br> comparing this trend to secondary data of weather showing the impact of afforestation to climate<br><br> in Jos metropolis which showed a significant impact to weather conditions where a total of<br><br> 5.27mm/day was recorded for the year 2010 and this amount doubled by the year 2020 recording<br><br> at 10.55mm/day and humidity levels recording at 58.12(%) for the year 2010 and 63.81(%) for<br><br> the year 2020. Various environmental protection organizations have been identified constituting<br><br> of Governmental, Non-Governmental and Community-led who have kick-started various<br><br> afforestation initiatives in various locations within the metropolis with the sole aim to combat<br><br> climate change, protect and restore the natural environment especially in regions which have<br><br> been heavily mined and left laying waste. These afforestation initiatives have greatly impacted<br><br> the climate positively, with the introduction of more trees helping in absorbing the green-house<br><br> gasses emitted in daily basis from human activities in the metropolis, reducing the amount of<br><br> carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Although, some of these afforestation initiatives have been<br><br> abandoned due to various reasons either withdrawal of funding or change in government<br><br> policies, this research provides enlightenment on the advantages and roles trees play in<br><br> combating climate change through proper implementation of afforestation initiatives to save our<br><br> immediate environment and the planet as a whole.

This study presents an empirical investigation on the relationship between brand image management and customer loyalty Our curiosity led to the research problem of this study, on how brand image management influences customer loyalty of money deposit banks in Port Harcourt. Using the cross-sectional survey, quantitative data were collected through a 5-point liken type scale. A total of 110 copies of questionnaire were distributed to the customers of money deposit banks in Port Harcourt. However, 100 copies of questionnaire were successfully retrieved, which constitutes a response percent of 91% Regression analysis was used to measure the strength of relationship between brand image management and customer loyalty of money deposit banks. The entire hypothesis that was stated in null form was rejected and the alternate hypothesis was all accepted.<br><br> Our findings from quantitative data analysis support the argument that brand image management influences customer loyalty through dimensions such as brand affection, brand resonance and brand familiarity. We therefore concluded that the level of customer loyalty in terms of referrals and trust has a positive significant relationship with brand image management. Therefore, we recommend among others that money deposit banks should understand that their brand should have reputable image and familiar in other to influence referral and trust

The topic of this project work is impact ofpetroleum product scarcity on capacity utilization. A case study ofEmenite Nigeria limited.<br> The purpose ofthe study is to identify the impact ofpetroleum products scarcity on the capacity ofutilization ofEmenite Nig. Ltd. •<br> In carrying out this study the researcher will adopt the survey and historical researcher methods. This will enable researcher to access and sample size as well as review of existing literature on the topic. It will also afford the researcher the<br> ,<br> /<br> I<br> questionnaires and visit to libraries to review the existingfor literature from books periodicals magazines etc.<br> Answers would be sought to the formulated research questions and the positive hypothesis tested. The research report would be broken down intofive chapters.

This study explored the effects of treatment variations and ensiling duration on the proximate composition, mineral content, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and fiber composition of cassava peels and mango leaves used as silage. Significant variations in the proximate composition were observed across treatments, particularly in moisture content and crude protein (CP). Treatment T4, which had the highest moisture content (38.73%), also exhibited the best balance of CP and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFE), suggesting an optimal combination for ruminant feeding. Notably, the crude protein levels were higher in the 21-day treatments, with T4 showing an ideal balance for enhanced protein content. The moisture content variation affected microbial activity and fermentation quality, influencing feed intake and digestion. Crude fiber (CF) increased with higher mango leaf inclusion, with T5 (27.38%) showing the highest CF, while the ether extract (fat content) peaked in T4 at 2.05%, improving energy density. The mineral composition was positively influenced by mango leaf inclusion, with T5 demonstrating the highest calcium and phosphorus levels, crucial for bone development and metabolic functions. In contrast, potassium content decreased with higher mango leaf proportions. Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) like tannins and cyanides showed significant variation across treatments, with higher tannin content in T5 and higher cyanide levels in T2. Ensiling duration significantly influenced ANF reduction, with 28 days leading to decreased tannins, oxalates, and cyanide, as microbial fermentation effectively broke down these compounds. Fiber components such as ADF and lignin increased at 28 days, slightly reducing digestibility but promoting rumen health. The interaction between treatment and duration highlighted that treatments like T3 and T4 at 28 days were most effective at reducing ANFs, while also promoting mineral retention and improving nutrient availability. These results emphasize the potential of optimizing silage composition and fermentation conditions for improved ruminant nutrition.

This project paper titled statistical analysis on Impact of Exchange Rate on Economic Growth in Nigeria (A Case Study of National Bureau of Statistics From 2008- 2023) The aim of this project work is to study dynamic of exchange rate in Nigeria through trend line approach, the aim is achieve through the following objectives: To identify the trend pattern of exchange rate in Nigeria under the period of study also to establish a model that will be used to predicted exchange rate and to forecast exchange rate in Nigeria for subsequent year using estimated model. Base on the three models above, the linear trend with an intercept (64.4) and slope (23.90) shows that unit increase in time (t) will lead to an increase in the slope which cause an increase in the model. And the growth of exponential trend with the intercept (106.577) and slope (1.1028) shows that unit increase in time (t) will lead to an increase in the slope which cause an increase in the model. While the quadratic trend with the intercept (103.2), first slope (10.19) and second slope (0.857) shows that unit increase in time (t) will lead to an increase in first slope which cause a decrease in the model and also lead to an increase in second slope which cause an increase in the model. From the results of the three models fitted for the data on exchange rate, it is seen that quadratic trend model is the best out of the three models. This is based on the test of accuracy conducted on the various models in which the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Mean Square Deviation (MSD) values were obtained from the three models as shown in the accuracy results table above. The Quadratic trend model, having the least values is the best model for the giving data. Forecast exchange rate in Nigeria for subsequent years using best estimated model. We therefore recommend that the government should focus its attention on developing policies that will impact the country’s balance of payment, thus creating a favourable balance between the domestic and foreign sectors.

Abstract<br> <br> The increasing threatening of antimicrobial resistance in many pathogenic microbes has led to the search for long lasting remedy. The aim of this study was to examine the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of extracts of Psidium guajava leaves against bacterial isolate. The plant leaves were extracted in ; water, and methanol. The pathogenic bacterial isolate was salmonella typhi isolated from cow dunk. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and qunine . The mean antibacterial activity of the extracts in vitro showed that 80% , 60% , 40% and 20% shows inhibition of the methanolic extract but most effective at 80% concentration, inhibiting Salmonella typhi . This study has revealed that the leaves extract of P. guajava contains antibacterial and phytochemical substances which can be harnessed in satisfaction of human quest for better and healthier living.<br> Keywords: Psidium guajava, Plant extracts, Phytochemical and Antibacterial activity.

This study investigates the use of online subscribed databases among postgraduate students at Bayero University, Kano, with a focus on the accessibility, challenges, and the effectiveness of these resources in academic research. The research employs a quantitative methodology, utilizing a survey design and structured questionnaires to gather data from a sample of 100 postgraduate students selected through simple random sampling. The study examines various aspects of database usage, including the availability, currency, accessibility, and perceived usefulness of the online subscribed databases, as well as the challenges students face when accessing these resources. The findings reveal key issues such as limited access to databases, lack of training, and connectivity challenges. Based on the data collected, the study also suggests potential remedies to enhance the effective use of these databases, including improved user training, better infrastructure, and increasing the variety and currency of subscribed databases. The results aim to contribute to enhancing digital resource utilization and academic research efficiency among postgraduate students at Bayero University, Kano.